Time - Jikoku (English) time

Japanese: 時刻 - じこく(英語表記)time
Time - Jikoku (English) time
A certain moment in the flow of time. It is expressed as a number that expresses the length between an arbitrary chosen origin in units of time. Time used academically is broadly divided into three types according to its basis: Universal Time (UT), Ephemeris Time (ET), and Atomic Time (AT). Originally, because daily life was closely linked to the sun, time was determined by the sun's hour angle (angle from the meridian). This is called true solar time. Since the actual sun does not move at a constant speed on the celestial sphere, there are seasonal changes in true solar time. Therefore, a hypothetical celestial body (→mean sun) that moves at a constant speed on the celestial equator was considered, and mean solar time, which is determined by its hour angle, was used. The mean solar time at the Greenwich meridian is universal time. Since the position of the mean sun is calculated theoretically, universal time can be obtained by observing the meridian passage of a star whose position is precisely known. Universal time fluctuates irregularly due to irregularities in the Earth's rotation. For this reason, ephemeris time is used in celestial mechanics. This is the time determined by the revolution of the Earth. Meanwhile, in 1955, the use of the constant frequency of atomic radiation to measure time began. This is atomic time, and currently cesium atomic clocks are used for measurement. The time currently used in daily life is called Coordinated Universal Time. This is based on the seconds obtained from atomic time, and is maintained by inserting or subtracting one second (a leap second) as necessary so that the difference with Universal Time is within 0.9 seconds. Countries around the world use Coordinated Universal Time plus the longitude of the standard meridian as their standard time. Japan Standard Time is Coordinated Universal Time plus 9 hours.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
時の流れにおけるある一定の瞬間をいう。適当に選んだ原点との間の長さを時間の単位を用いて表わす数値によって表示される。学術的に用いられている時刻は,そのよりどころによって,世界時 UT,暦表時 ET,原子時 ATの3種に大別される。もともと日常生活は太陽と密接に結びついているため,時刻は太陽の時角 (子午線からの角度) によって決められた。これを真太陽時という。実際の太陽は天球上を一定の速さで進まないため,真太陽時には季節的変化を生じる。そこで天の赤道上を一定の速さで進む仮想の天体 (→平均太陽 ) を考え,その時角によって決められる平均太陽時が用いられてきた。グリニッジ子午線における平均太陽時が世界時である。平均太陽の位置は理論から計算されるので,精密に位置のわかっている星の子午線通過を観測することにより世界時が求められる。世界時は地球の自転運動の不整の影響を受けて不規則に変動する。そのため,天体力学では暦表時が用いられる。これは地球の公転によって定められる時刻である。一方,原子の放射の振動数が一定であることを利用して時刻を測定することが 1955年に始った。これが原子時で,現在ではセシウム原子時計がその測定に用いられている。現在日常生活に用いられている時刻は協定世界時といわれるものである。これは,原子時から得られる秒をもとに,世界時との差が 0.9秒以内になるよう必要に応じて1秒 (閏秒) を挿入または引抜くことにより維持される。世界各国では協定世界時に標準子午線の経度を加えたものを標準時として使っている。日本標準時は協定世界時に9時を加えたものである。

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