LNG is made by liquefying natural gas after refining it. It is mostly methane, so it is sometimes called LMG (liquefied methane gas). Natural gas is an important fuel resource and chemical raw material, along with petroleum. The oil field gas that is produced at the same time as crude oil is also mainly composed of methane. It used to have no use and was burned and dumped in the oil field, but now it is being used and recovered locally as a valuable fuel resource. Methane gas is non-polluting even when burned, and is an easy-to-handle fuel. If the natural gas production area is connected to the consumption area by land, it can be sent as gas by pipeline, but if the consumption area is far away across the sea, it cannot be used. However, if it is liquefied, the volume becomes about 1/600, and it can be transported by sea by tanker. Natural gas is liquefied at -162°C at the production area, transported by LNG tanker, and vaporized at the consumption area for use. Liquid methane has a specific gravity of 0.424, and takes up roughly twice the volume of petroleum. It is also important to keep in mind that a large amount of energy is required to liquefy it, and that tankers and tanks used for transporting it must be specially constructed and made of metal materials that can withstand low temperatures. The cold energy generated when liquefied natural gas is vaporized can be used to generate electricity, and can also be used to freeze food. Japan imports liquefied natural gas from Southeast Asian countries, including Australia, Alaska, and Brunei (the north coast of Borneo), as well as oil field gas from Middle Eastern countries. City gas is gradually being replaced by natural gas, and it is also used in large quantities as electricity and industrial fuel. [Yuzo Sanada] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
天然ガスを精製後、冷却液化したもので、LNGとよばれる。成分はほとんどがメタンなのでLMG(liquefied methane gas)とよぶ場合もある。天然ガスは石油と並んで重要な燃料資源、化学原料である。原油を生産する際に同時に出てくる油田ガスもメタンが主成分であり、従来は用途がないので油田で燃やして捨てられていたが、現在は貴重な燃料資源として現地での利用や回収が行われている。メタンガスは燃焼しても無公害であり、かつ取り扱いやすい燃料である。天然ガスの産地から消費地まで陸続きの場合はガスのままパイプラインで送ることができるが、消費地が海を隔てて遠い場合は利用できなかった。しかし、これを液化すれば容積が約600分の1になり、タンカーにより海上輸送が可能となる。天然ガスは産地で零下162℃に冷却液化後、LNGタンカーで輸送し、消費地で気化して使用する。液体メタンの比重は0.424で石油のおおよそ倍の容積となること、液化に際しても多量のエネルギーを必要とすることのほか、輸送用タンカーやタンクは、低温度に耐える金属材料でつくられた特殊構造のものを使用することなどに留意する必要がある。液化天然ガスを気化するときの冷熱エネルギーは電力として回収するほか、食品の冷凍などにも利用される。日本には、オーストラリア、アラスカ、ブルネイ(ボルネオ島北岸)をはじめ東南アジア諸国から、また中東諸国の油田ガスも液化天然ガスとして輸入されている。都市ガスは石炭ガスからしだいに天然ガスに転換されてきており、さらに電力、工業用燃料として大量に使用されている。 [真田雄三] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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