Change - Kaieki

Originally, it meant taking away an official position or status due to a crime. In the Kamakura period, it meant depriving a vassal of their land steward position, and in the Edo period, it meant confiscating land, salary, and house except for those of samurai rank or higher. It was also used in conjunction with other measures such as reducing or transferring a domain, or releasing a person from official duties. Of these, daimyo kaieki was the basis of the Edo Shogunate's control over daimyo, and was enforced by the first three Shoguns, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu, mainly for reasons such as the loss of a family heir or violation of Shogunate law. After the Battle of Sekigahara, the number was reduced to 131, including 82 Tozama daimyo and 49 Tokugawa clan (related clan) and fudai daimyo, and the total amount of confiscated land was a massive 12,148,950 koku. In this way, the confiscation of daimyo promoted the transfer of daimyo to other domains (exchange of domains) and was a factor in establishing the shogun's absolute superiority over the other daimyo. The daimyo confiscation of daimyo, which was centered on Tozama daimyo, changed from the time of the fourth shogun, Ietsuna, and during the time of the fifth shogun, Tsunayoshi, the confiscation of daimyo shifted to center on Tokugawa clan and fudai daimyo, but from this point on the number of confiscations decreased until the end of the Edo period.

[Fujino Tamotsu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

本来は罪によって官職や身分を取り上げること。鎌倉時代には御家人(ごけにん)の地頭職(じとうしき)を奪うこと、江戸時代には士分以上のものの籍を除いて、知行(ちぎょう)・俸禄(ほうろく)・家屋敷を没収することをいい、ほかに減封、転封、役儀召放(やくぎめしはなち)などにも併用された。そのうち大名改易は江戸幕府の大名統制の基本をなすもので、世嗣(せいし)断絶、幕法違反をおもな理由とし、徳川家康・秀忠(ひでただ)・家光(いえみつ)の初期三代将軍によって強行された。その数は、関ヶ原の戦後処理後、外様(とざま)大名82名、徳川一門（親藩）・譜代(ふだい)大名49名、あわせて131名となり、没収総高は1214万8950石という膨大な額となる。こうして、改易は大名転封（国替(くにがえ)）を促進するとともに、諸大名に絶対優位する将軍権力確立の要因となった。外様大名中心の大名改易は4代家綱(いえつな)のころより変化し、5代綱吉(つなよし)の時代は徳川一門・譜代大名中心の改易に移行するが、これを境に改易は減少し幕末に至った。

［藤野　保］

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