Histopathologically, xanthomas are characterized by the infiltration of lipid-accumulated xanthomas (foam cells) into the cells of the dermis and tendons in a focal manner, and are macroscopically characterized as yellowish papules, nodules, and plaques. In terms of etiology, xanthomas are broadly classified into those caused by lipid abnormalities associated with hyperlipoproteinemia, and those caused by normolipidemia that occur secondary to histiocytic granulomas or tumorous proliferation without any abnormality in lipoprotein metabolism. Xanthomas caused by lipid abnormalities are further subdivided into primary xanthomas associated with hereditary familial hyperlipoproteinemia and secondary xanthomas, and take various forms. In recent years, the relationship between these differences in form and the type of hyperlipoproteinemia has been attracting attention. First, nodular xanthomas seen in the elbows and patellas are difficult to treat and occur relatively frequently. Eruptive xanthomas are papules measuring 2-3 mm in diameter that rapidly appear on the face, buttocks, and palms, and are often accompanied by an increase in blood triglycerides (simple lipids). Eyelid xanthomas are also a common occurrence, being flat, elevated yellow spots that tend to develop on the inner canthus of the upper eyelid, and serum lipids are often normal. Other types include flat xanthomas, which have a variety of onset factors including blood diseases and immune disorders, and linear xanthomas, which occur in line with the palm prints of the palms of the hands. The histological appearance of xanthomas is a nest-like cluster of foam cells, which are large mononuclear cells with bright cytoplasm, but in those left untreated for a long time, Touton giant cells (multinucleated giant cells with foamy cytoplasm) can also be seen. Fat staining is mainly performed using Sudan (a type of azo dye), which is positive in the cytoplasm of foam cells. As such, xanthomas are easy to diagnose from a clinical and histological standpoint, but there are many unknowns regarding their pathogenesis. Recently, it has become increasingly believed that rather than lipid deposition, foam cells actively accumulate lipids, and there has also been attention paid to the relationship with receptor abnormalities for certain lipoproteins and atherosclerosis (a type of arteriosclerosis). Treatments include dietary therapy that restricts cholesterol intake, drug therapy with drugs such as clofibrate and cholestyramine, local injection therapy with drugs such as heparin and chondroitin sulfate, and surgical therapy, but in cases of primary hypercholesterolemic xanthomas, the condition is difficult to treat. When it spreads throughout the body, especially when associated with systemic lipid metabolism disorders, it is called xanthomatosis. [Kubota Yasuo] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
病理組織学的には脂質の蓄積したいわゆる黄色腫細胞(泡沫(ほうまつ)細胞)が真皮や腱(けん)の細胞内に巣状に浸潤しており、肉眼的には黄色調の丘疹(きゅうしん)、結節、斑(はん)などを呈する疾患をいう。病因的には高リポタンパク血症に伴う脂質異常による黄色腫と、リポタンパク代謝異常はないが組織球の肉芽腫あるいは腫瘍(しゅよう)性増殖に続発する正脂血症による黄色腫に大別される。さらに脂質異常による黄色腫は、遺伝性家族性高リポタンパク血症に合併する原発性と、続発性のものに細分され、さまざまな形態をとる。近年、これら形態の相違と高リポタンパク血症の種類との関連が注目されている。まず、肘(ひじ)や膝蓋(しつがい)にみられる結節性黄色腫は難治で、発現頻度も比較的高い。発疹(はっしん)性黄色腫は直径2~3ミリメートルの丘疹が急速に顔面、臀部(でんぶ)、手掌に出現するもので、血中のトリグリセリド(単純脂質)の上昇がみられることが多い。眼瞼(がんけん)黄色腫も日常よくみられるものの一つで、上眼瞼の内眼角(目頭)に好発する扁平(へんぺい)隆起性の黄色斑であり、血清脂質は正常のことも多い。そのほか、血液疾患や免疫異常など多彩な発症基盤をもつ扁平黄色腫、手掌の掌紋に一致して生じる線状黄色腫などもある。 黄色腫の組織像は、胞体の明るい大形の単核細胞である泡沫細胞が巣状に集合しているが、長く放置されたものではトウトンtouton型巨細胞(胞体が泡沫化した多核巨細胞)もみられる。脂肪染色としておもにスダンsudan(アゾ色素の一種)を用いた染色が行われ、泡沫細胞の胞体では陽性である。このように黄色腫は臨床や組織の面から診断が容易であるが、その病態発生については不明な点も多い。最近では脂質の沈着というよりも、泡沫細胞が能動的に脂質を蓄積しているという考えが強く、ある種のリポタンパクに対するレセプター(受容器)異常や粥(じゅく)状硬化症(動脈硬化症の一種)との関連も注目されている。 治療としては、コレステロールの摂取を制限する食事療法、クロフィブラートやコレスチラミンなどの薬物療法、ヘパリンやコンドロイチン硫酸などの局所注射療法のほか、手術療法なども行われるが、原発性高コレステロール血症性黄色腫の場合などは難治である。 なお、全身に広がり、とくに全身性の脂質代謝異常と関連している場合は、黄色腫症とよばれている。 [窪田泰夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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