American physicist and theoretical chemist. Born in Oslo, Norway. After graduating from the University of Technology, he moved to the United States in 1928, and became an assistant professor at Yale University in 1934 and a professor of theoretical chemistry at the same university in 1945. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1945. His most important achievement was the derivation of the reciprocity theorem for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes (1931). The history of the formation of irreversible thermodynamics is the history of attempts to express the second law of thermodynamics in an equational form, but the emergence of Onsager's reciprocity theorem, i.e., the law that determines the symmetry of transport coefficients, established the basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and has been used in all areas related to irreversible phenomena as the most fundamental theorem of phenomenological theory. The "mean decay process hypothesis," which was the basic premise for the derivation of this reciprocity theorem, is also important. He believed that the mean decay process of fluctuations follows macroscopic laws. Such statistical mechanical considerations of irreversible phenomena are directly connected to the development of today's non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. One of his best-known works is the theory of dilute strong electrolyte solutions. He extended the Debye-Hückel theory by introducing electrophoretic effects and relaxation time effects that arise in the presence of an external electric field, and presented the famous Onsager equation for electrical conductivity (1927), followed by theories of viscosity (1933) and surface tension (1934). He also developed a theory of polar liquids and gave an equation for the dielectric constant (1936). His work in the statistical mechanics of phase transitions is also significant. Lattice statistical theory, which began with E. Ising's (1900-1998) theory of ferromagnetism (1925), is at the heart of today's phase transition theory, but before Onsager, it was not yet known whether rigorous lattice statistical theory would show a phase transition. In 1944, Onsager succeeded in finding an exact solution to the two-dimensional Ising lattice problem using abstract algebra, and was the first to prove the existence of a phase transition. He is also known for his theory and experiments on liquid helium. In 1968, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for establishing the foundations of thermodynamics of irreversible processes. [Kazuo Tokiwano June 19, 2018] [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの物理学者、理論化学者。ノルウェー、オスロの生まれ。工科大学を卒業後、1928年アメリカに渡り、1934年エール大学助教授、1945年同大理論化学教授。1945年アメリカに帰化した。 彼のもっとも重要な業績は、不可逆過程の熱力学に関する相反定理の導出である(1931)。不可逆過程熱力学の形成の歴史は熱力学第二法則の等式的表現への試みの歴史であるが、オンサーガーの相反定理、すなわち輸送係数の対称性を定める法則の出現によって、不可逆過程の熱力学の基礎が確立され、現象論的理論のもっとも基本的な定理として不可逆現象にかかわるあらゆる領域で用いられてきた。この相反定理導出にあたっての基本前提となった「平均崩壊過程の仮説」も重要である。彼は、ゆらぎの平均崩壊過程は巨視的法則に従うと考えた。このような不可逆現象の統計力学的考察は、今日の非平衡統計力学の展開に直接つながっている。 広く知られている研究に希薄強電解質溶液の理論がある。外部電場が存在する場合に生ずる電気泳動的効果と緩和時間効果を導入してデバイ‐ヒュッケル理論を拡張し、電気伝導度に関する有名なオンサーガーの式を提出(1927)、ついで粘性(1933)、表面張力の理論(1934)を発表。また有極性液体の理論をたて誘電率の式を与えた(1936)。 相転移の統計力学における仕事も意義深い。イジングE. Ising(1900―1998)の強磁性の理論(1925)に始まる格子統計理論は、今日の相転移論の中心となるものであるが、オンサーガー以前には、厳密な格子統計理論が相転移を示すかどうかはまだわかっていなかった。1944年、オンサーガーは抽象代数学を用いて二次元イジング格子問題の厳密解を求めることに成功し、相転移の存在を初めて証明した。さらに液体ヘリウムの理論と実験でも知られる。1968年、不可逆過程の熱力学の基礎の確立でノーベル化学賞を受賞した。 [常盤野和男 2018年6月19日] [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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