Orange Free State

Japanese: オレンジ自由国 - オレンジじゆうこく(英語表記)Orange Free State
Orange Free State
A Boer country that existed in southern Africa from 1854 to 1902. In Afrikaans, it is called Oranje-Vrystaat. It was one of the four premodern regions of South Africa, bordering the Transvaal Republic to the north, Natal and the independent state of Lesotho to the east, and the Cape Colony to the south and west. Before the arrival of European immigrants, the area was inhabited by semi-nomadic peoples who spoke Bantu languages, such as the Tswana. European immigrants entered the area in the 18th century by crossing the Orange River from the south. In the 19th century, the Tswana were driven out by the Zulu invasion and replaced by the Sotho and Grika. At the same time, Dutch immigrants, the Boers, began settling in the area. After 1835, many Boers fled British rule and embarked on the Great Trek, crossing the Orange River. In 1848, the British annexed the area between the Orange and Vaal rivers, but were unable to establish administrative order. After conflicts with the Sotho people, they decided to withdraw in 1854. In February 1854, Boer settlers established the Orange Free State as an independent state. The new state's political structure combined the traditional Boer system with Dutch and American constitutionalism, with a directly elected president and an executive council exercising executive power (→ presidential system). After the Jameson Invasion in 1895, the Orange Free State became embroiled in tensions between the Boers and the British government that led to the South African War. In the South African War that began in 1899, the British sided with the sister country, the Transvaal Republic, and fought against the British. In 1900, the British army occupied the capital Bloemfontein, and it became a British colony under the Treaty of Vereeniging, signed in May 1902. When the Union of South Africa was established in 1910, it became the Orange Free State (→ Free State).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
1854~1902年,アフリカ南部に存在したボーア人の国。アフリカーンス語では Oranje-Vrystaat。南アフリカの近代以前の 4地方の一つで,北でトランスバール共和国(→トランスバール),東でナタールと独立国家レソト(→レソト),南と西でケープ植民地に接していた。同地にはヨーロッパから移民が渡ってくるまでツワナ族などバンツー語(→バンツー諸語)を話す半遊牧民が暮らしていた。ヨーロッパからの移民は 18世紀に南方からオレンジ川を渡ってこの地域に入った。19世紀に入るとツワナ族はズールー族の侵攻によって駆逐され,ソト族(→ソト諸族)とグリカ族に取って代わられた。同時にオランダ系移民であるボーア人の入植も始まった。1835年以降,ボーア人多数がイギリスによる支配を逃れてオレンジ川を渡る大移動「グレート・トレック」を展開。イギリスは 1848年にオレンジ川とバール川に挟まれた地域を併合したものの行政秩序を確立できず,ソト族との紛争を経て 1854年撤退を決断した。1854年2月,ボーア人入植者らが独立国としてオレンジ自由国を樹立。新国家の政治機構はボーア人の伝統的な制度にオランダとアメリカ合衆国の立憲主義を組み合わせたもので,直接選挙で選出された大統領と行政評議会が行政権を行使した(→大統領制)。1895年にジェームソン侵攻事件が起こり,オレンジ自由国は南アフリカ戦争へといたるボーア人とイギリス政府間の緊張関係に巻き込まれていった。1899年に始まる南アフリカ戦争で,姉妹国トランスバール共和国の側についてイギリスと交戦。1900年にイギリス軍に首都ブルームフォンテーンを占領され,1902年5月に調印されたフェレーニヒンク条約によりイギリス領植民地となった。1910年に南アフリカ連邦が成立すると,オレンジ自由州となった(→自由州)。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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