Ortho

Japanese: オルト
Ortho

A prefix meaning "regular". [ I ] A prefix indicating that a substituent is present in adjacent positions on the benzene nucleus, i.e., positions 1 and 2. Usually indicated by o- . Other disubstituted benzenes include meta, m- (positions 1 and 3) and para, p- (positions 1 and 4). [ II ] A prefix given to the compound with the highest degree of hydration among oxo acids with the same central atom and oxidation number. It is used like ortho-acid, but is also called normal-acid. Examples are orthoboric acid H 3 BO 3 , orthophosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 , and orthosilicic acid H 4 SiO 4 . Acids with a low degree of hydration include pyroic acid and meta-acid. Organic compounds include orthoformic acid CH(OH) 3 (which does not exist as a free acid, but exists as an ester), and orthoaldehyde RCH(OH) 2 (which does not usually exist in a free form, but exists as an acetal). However, chloral hydrate, CCl 3 CH(OH) 2 , is an exceptionally stable orthoaldehyde. [ III ] A prefix that distinguishes the nuclear spin state of an atom. In ortho-hydrogen, the nuclear spins of the two hydrogen atoms are in the same direction, while in para-hydrogen they are in opposite directions.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

“正規の”を意味する接頭辞.【】ベンゼン核の隣接する位置,すなわち,1,2位に置換基をもつことを示す接頭辞.普通,o-で示す.このほかにベンゼンの二置換体には,メタ,m-(1,3位)とパラ,p-(1,4位)がある.【】中心原子とその酸化数が同一のオキソ酸のなかで,水和度のもっとも高い化合物につける接頭辞.オルト――酸のように使うが,正――酸ともいう.たとえば,オルトホウ酸H3BO3,オルトリン酸H3PO4,オルトケイ酸H4SiO4.水和度の低いものにはピロ酸,メタ酸などがある.有機化合物では,オルトギ酸CH(OH)3(遊離酸として存在せず,エステルとして存在する),オルトアルデヒドRCH(OH)2(普通,遊離型では存在せず,アセタールとして存在する)がある.しかし,抱水クロラールCCl3CH(OH)2は例外的に安定なオルトアルデヒドである.【】原子の核スピン状態を区別する接頭辞.オルト水素では,2個の水素原子の核スピンは同方向で,パラ水素では逆方向である.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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