Dutch astronomer. Born in Franeker. Studied stellar statistical astronomy under Kaptein at the University of Groningen, receiving his doctorate in 1926. He began his research into the distribution of velocities of high-velocity stars, but in 1927, Beltil Lindblad (1895-1965) of Sweden proposed the Galactic rotation theory in opposition to Kaptein's bipartite meteor theory of stellar proper motion (1902). Oort immediately verified the Galactic rotation theory by statistically processing the peculiar motions of the stars around the Sun. He then studied the dynamics of the Galaxy, and in 1932 he investigated the forces acting perpendicular to the galactic plane, and in 1938 he studied the absorption of starlight by interstellar gas and dust particles, clarifying the structure and motion of the Galaxy from both the optical and mechanical perspectives. He calculated that the center of the Milky Way is in Sagittarius, that it is 30,000 light years away from the Sun, that it takes 200 million years to orbit the center, and that the total mass of the Milky Way is 100 billion times that of the Sun. Shapley had previously estimated the Sun's position to be 50,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way, but this was revised by Oort. In 1944, his student van de Hulst predicted that interstellar neutral hydrogen emits radio waves with a wavelength of 21 centimeters, and after World War II, Oort led a radio observation group that verified the spiral structure of the Milky Way using 21 centimeter waves. In 1950, he proposed that the mother cloud of comets exists in a belt-like shape about one light year from the Sun. He served as professor at Leiden University, director of the Leiden Observatory, and secretary-general of the International Astronomical Union. [Shimamura Fukutaro] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オランダの天文学者。フラネケルに生まれる。フローニンゲン大学でカプタインに師事して恒星統計天文学を修め、1926年学位を取得。高速度星の速度分布の研究を始めたが、1927年にスウェーデンのリンドブラッドBeltil Lindblad(1895―1965)が、カプタインの提唱した恒星固有運動の二星流説(1902)に対して、銀河系の回転説を提案した。そこでオールトは早速、太陽周辺の諸恒星の特有運動を統計的に処理して銀河系回転説を実証した。これに続いて銀河系の力学を研究し、1932年には銀河面に垂直方向に作用する力を考究し、1938年には恒星間のガスや塵(じん)粒による星光の吸収状態を研究し、銀河系の光学・力学の両面からその構造と運動を明らかにした。そして銀河系の中心がいて座で、太陽からの距離が3万光年、中心の周りの公転周期が2億年、銀河系の全質量が太陽質量の1000億倍といったことを算定した。太陽の位置については、先にシャプリーが銀河中心から5万光年と推定していたが、オールトにより改訂された。1944年、門下生のファン・デ・フルストが、恒星間中性水素は波長21センチメートルの電波を放射することを予測、第二次世界大戦後、オールトは電波観測グループを指揮して21センチメートル波で銀河系の渦状構造を検証した。1950年には彗星(すいせい)の母胎雲が太陽から約1光年のところに帯状に存在することを唱えた。ライデン大学教授、ライデン天文台台長、国際天文学連合事務総長などを歴任した。 [島村福太郎] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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