…(5) Palace (qaṣr, sarāy): The basic unit was a courtyard with a pond or fountain in the center, with public and private rooms arranged around it. There were many examples of this being combined in various ways. (6) Fortress (qaṣaba, qal'a): The early type followed the style of the ancient Roman frontier forts. In general, it was surrounded by walls and moats reinforced with strong towers, with towers on both sides of the gate and machicolations. … From 【Castle】...Although not a castle, the dam at Marib, built around the 8th century BCE, has megalithic walls reaching over 15 meters, some of which still remain today. It is generally said that there were no castles in the central and northern Arabian Peninsula, but the words Hisn (ḥiṣna) and qal'a mean fortresses, and they appear to have existed before Islam. In the first half of the 6th century, the story of the Arab Samau'al b.'Ādiyā, who practiced Judaism, taking refuge in the castle of al-Ablak near present-day Taimā', appears in Volume 19 of the Book of Songs, and in Samau'al's own poem there is a passage that reads, "A castle with strong walls, and a well from which water can be drawn at will..." *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "qal'a" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…(5)宮殿(カスルqaṣr,サライsarāy) 中央に池や噴水などを設けた中庭の周囲に公私の居室を配置したものを基本的単位として,これを多様に組み合わせた例が多い。(6)城砦(カサバqaṣaba,カルアqal‘a) 初期のタイプは,古代ローマの辺境の砦の形式を踏襲している。一般に,強固な塔で補強した城壁や堀を周囲に巡らせ,城門の両側に塔を設けてはね出し狭間(はざま)(マチコレーション)などを設けた。… 【城】より…城郭ではないが,前8世紀ごろのマーリブのダムなど,巨石の壁が15m以上に達し,その一部は現存しているほどである。アラビア半島中北部には城らしいものはなかったとふつういわれているが,ヒスンḥiṣn(ヒスナḥiṣna),カルアqal‘aなどということばは城砦を意味し,イスラム以前から存在したらしい。6世紀の前半,ユダヤ教を奉ずるアラブのサマウアルSamau’al b.‘Ādiyāが現在のタイマーTaimā’の付近のアブラクal‐Ablakの城に立てこもった話は《歌謡の書》19巻などに見え,サマウアル自身の詩に,〈堅固な壁の城,思うままに水の汲める井戸のある……〉の一節がある。… ※「qal‘a」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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