A type of blade. A tool for cutting, splitting, and scraping wood, it was primarily used as a woodworking tool. It has a long wooden handle attached to a sharp, wedge-shaped steel blade, and the sharp, sturdy blade is sharp on the opposite side, making it more destructive when struck and allowing it to cut thick pieces of wood. The handle was usually made from hard wood such as oak, beech, fir, or walnut. Small ones are called yoki, and large ones are called axes. The axe has a long history and is said to be the first tool made by humans, with its original form being seen in the stone axe from the Stone Age. Stone axes are made from hard stones such as quartz, andesite, or basalt, which are broken or polished to give them a blade; where suitable stones were not available, shells or the bones of large animals were used. The blade was attached to the handle by tying it with a vine or rope, which was then coated with a rubber-like adhesive. Later, as metals began to be used, axes began to be made first from bronze, then iron, and finally from iron alloys. In Japan, a large number of iron axes were excavated during the Kofun period, and although the blade shapes vary, they can be broadly divided into two types: fan-shaped ones with overhanging ends, and long, rectangular ones with blades on both sides. In Japan, axes were rarely used as weapons, but developed primarily as important tools for felling trees, cutting wood, and processing building materials. These types of axes and their uses can be seen in many medieval picture scrolls, such as the Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki, and do not appear to have changed much from ancient times to the early modern period. The hand axe, a carpenter's tool that was widely used to shave flat surfaces off wood before the invention of the plane, is also considered to be a type of axe. On the other hand, axes were widely used in Europe and China from ancient times to the Middle Ages as woodworking tools and religious and ceremonial tools, but they were also used as battle axes in combat. Axes have also been regarded as sacred by many ethnic groups as symbols of the gods or sacred objects, and have been considered objects of religious ceremonies. In Japan, the Kimoto Festival is held before cutting down timber for the Ise Grand Shrine's rebuilding ceremony, and the Onodate Festival is held before cutting down the sacred pillars of the Suwa Shrine, with woodcutters performing the axe-setting ritual before cutting down the tree. Axes were also used as talismans in the Narikizeme (charm of punishing mature trees) ceremony to pray for a good harvest in the fall, and were also believed to have magical powers to end the pain of the sick and ward off evil spirits, and their powers are often shown in old tales and proverbs. On the other hand, in regions other than Japan, for example in Egyptian mythology, double-edged axes were objects of worship, and many axes have been found in prehistoric sanctuaries in Malta, Cyprus, and other Mediterranean coastal regions. In addition, some Australian aboriginals are said to strike trees or stones with an axe to make the child of the ancestral spirit reside in the body of a woman. Because axes are considered sacred in this way, divination with axes is also practiced, and the method is to drive the axe into the forest or throw it into water. [Mizuo Miyamoto] “Axe, Murder, Hook” by Kinji Yoshikawa (1984, Hosei University Press) [Reference] |©Katsuya Nishikawa "> Main types of axes ©Katsuya Nishikawa "> Battle axes (10th to 15th centuries) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
刃物の一種。木を切ったり、割ったり、削ったりするための道具で、主として木工具として使用された。楔(くさび)形の鋭い鋼鉄の刃に、木製の長い柄(え)をつけたもので、鋭く頑丈な刃に対して、反対側の峰(みね)の部分が厚くなっているので、打ちつけたときの破壊力が大きく、太い木材を切ることができる。柄には普通、カシ、ブナ、モミ、クルミなど堅い木が用いられた。なお、小形のものをヨキといい、大形のものを鉞(まさかり)という。 斧の歴史は古く、人類のつくった最初の道具ともいわれ、その祖形は石器時代の石斧(せきふ)にみられる。石斧は石英、安山岩、玄武岩など堅い石を材料とし、これを打ち割り、あるいは磨いて刃をつけたもので、適当な石のない所では貝殻や大形動物の骨などが用いられた。この刃を柄に結び付けるには、蔓(つる)や縄で結束し、これにゴム状の接着剤などを塗り固める方法がとられた。その後、金属の使用とともに、斧は、まず青銅、次に鉄、最後に鉄合金でつくられるようになった。 日本では古墳時代に入ると、多量な鉄斧(てっぷ)の出土がみられ、刃の形もいろいろ異なっているが、おもに両端の張り出した扇形のものと、縦長で両面に刃をつけた長方形のものとの2種に大別される。日本では斧はほとんど武器としては使われずに、もっぱら樹木の伐採、木材の切断、建築の部材加工などの重要な工具として発達してきた。こうした斧の形態、用法は『石山寺縁起絵巻』など中世の絵巻物にも多くみられるが、上代から近世まで、大きな変化はなかったと思われる。なお、鉋(かんな)の発明以前、木材の平面を削るのに広く使用された大工道具の一つ、手斧(ておの)(ちょうな)も斧の一種と考えられる。 一方、斧は古代から中世にかけて、広くヨーロッパ、中国でも、木工用具や信仰・儀礼用の祭祀(さいし)用具として用いられたが、ほかに戦闘用の戦斧(せんぷ)としても用いられた。 また、斧は多くの民族によって、神の象徴や神器として神聖視され、宗教的儀礼の対象として考えられた。日本でも、伊勢(いせ)神宮の遷宮用材の伐採に先だって木元祭(きもとまつり)が執行され、諏訪(すわ)神社の御柱(おんばしら)の伐採に先だって斧立祭(おのだてまつり)が行われ、杣人(そまびと)は樹木の伐採前に、斧立の作法を行った。さらに、秋の豊作を願う成木責(なりきぜ)めの呪具(じゅぐ)としても用いられ、また、病人の苦痛を断ち切り、魔物を防ぐ呪力あるものとも信じられ、昔話やことわざにも、しばしばその威力が示される。一方、日本以外の地域においても、たとえばエジプト神話では、両刃の斧は礼拝の対象物とされ、マルタやキプロス、その他地中海沿岸地方の有史以前の聖所からは、斧が多数発見されている。また、オーストラリアのある原住民は、祖先の精霊の子を女の体に宿らせるために斧で木や石を打つといわれる。このように斧が神聖視されるところから、斧による占いも行われ、その方法は、斧を森の中へ打ち込んだり、水の中へ投げ込んだりしてなされる。 [宮本瑞夫] 『吉川金次著『斧・殺金・鉤』(1984・法政大学出版局)』 [参照項目] |©西川勝也"> 斧のおもな種類 ©西川勝也"> 戦斧(10~15世紀) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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