Egyptian architecture

Japanese: エジプト建築 - エジプトけんちく（英語表記）Egyptian architecture

The most representative structures of ancient Egyptian architecture are the tombs and temples of kings. From the 1st Dynasty onwards, trapezoidal tombs called mastabas, which have an underground chamber for placing the coffin, were built. Towards the end of the 3rd Dynasty, tombs consisting of several layers of mastabas, such as the step pyramid of Saqqara, were built, and large, complete pyramids, such as the pyramid of Dahshur in the 4th Dynasty and the three great pyramids of Giza, had many rooms, including a place of worship, and also had a forecourt near the riverbank. After the Middle Kingdom, temple construction took over from tombs, and the basic form of temples was established during this period, but there are few remains of temples from the Middle Kingdom. In the New Kingdom, large temples were built to reflect the prosperity of the dynasty. These include the 18th Dynasty Luxor Temple, the 19th Dynasty Karnak Temple, the 20th Dynasty Khonsu Temple at Karnak, and the 19th Dynasty Abu Simbel Temple. Meanwhile, during the 18th Dynasty, rock-cut tombs were built around the Valley of the Royal Tombs in Thebes, and most of these were accompanied by funeral temples similar to temples, such as the Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari and the Ramesseum in Thebes during the 19th Dynasty. From the decline to the end of the period, the Temple of Horus at Edfu and the Temple of Isis at Philae were built. These tombs and temples were decorated with colorful paintings and reliefs, and numerous statues were installed to give the architecture a spiritual symbolism.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代エジプト建築を代表する建造物は，王の墳墓と神殿である。第1王朝時代から，地下に棺を安置する玄室をもつマスタバと呼ばれる梯形墳墓が築かれる。第3王朝末にはサッカラの階段式ピラミッドなど，マスタバを数層重ねた墳墓が築かれ，さらに第4王朝ダハシュールのピラミッド，ギザの三大ピラミッドなど，大型の完成されたピラミッド形式は礼拝所など多くの部屋をもち，河岸近くには前殿なども付属する。中王国以後には墳墓に代わり神殿造営が重要視され，この時代に神殿の基本形が定まったが，中王国時代の神殿の遺構は少ない。新王国時代に入ると，王朝の隆盛を反映して大規模な神殿が建造された。第 18王朝ルクソール神殿，第 19王朝カルナック神殿，第 20王朝カルナックのコンス神殿，および第 19王朝アブシンベル神殿など。一方第 18王朝時代には，テーベの王陵の谷を中心に岩窟墳墓が築かれ，これにはほとんど神殿と同様の葬祭殿が付属する。デル・エル・バハリのハトシェプスト女王葬祭殿，第 19王朝テーベのラメッセウムなど。衰退期から末期にはエドフのホルス神殿，フィラエのイシス神殿などがある。これらの墳墓や神殿は多彩な絵画や浮彫で飾られ，数々の彫像が，建築に精神的象徴性を付与するために設置されている。

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