Onibishi

Japanese: オニビシ

Year of death: 1668 (8.4)
Year of birth: Unknown. Chief of Shumukuru, one of the five major powers in Ezo during the early Edo period. Also written as Onibishi. Based in Hae (Monbetsu), northwest of Shibuchari (Shizunai), he was also called Haekuru or Sarunkuru. Shumukuru means "western people." It is estimated that his influence extended to Hipoku (Niikappu), Saru (Biratori), Mukawa (Mukawa), Shikotsu (Chitose), Yubari (Yubari), and Sapporo. From the Kan'ei era (1624-1644), the Matsumae clan promoted the trading field chigyo system (a system in which the clan gave its vassals exclusive trading rights with the Ainu people in a specific area as a fief) in Ezo, forcing each Ainu community to increase production of fishing and hunting products, which led to conflicts over fishing and hunting territories (ior). Onibishi controlled the main transportation route, which was a waterway connecting Ishikari Bay with the Pacific coast, but he was at odds with Menashikuru (the Eastern forces), who were based in Shibuchari in the east. In 1648 (Keian 1), Menashikuru's general commander Sentain died, and his son Kamokutain succeeded him, completely changing the situation. In 1653 (Shoo 2), when Onibishi was drinking with Shakushain, a subordinate of Kamokutain, Shakushain bludgeoned Onibishi's subordinate to death, and the two entered a state of war, with Kamokutain being killed in battle. The following year, the Matsumae clan, fearing the impact that a prolonged civil war would have on trade, invited Onibishi to Matsumae Castle town to mediate. In 1655 (Meireki 1), Onibishi and Sentain's successor Shakushain made a peace agreement at Matsumae Castle town, with the Matsumae clan acting as an intermediary. It is believed that an alliance was formed between the Onibishi and Matsumae clans at this time. However, from around 1665 (Kanbun 5), the Matsumae clan drastically raised trade prices, and conflict over fishing and hunting territories between the Onibishi and Shakushain clans flared up again from 1666, and armed conflict broke out again in 167, and in 1689, Onibishi was killed for underestimating the Shakushain. <References> Kaibo Mineo, "Research on the History of the Establishment of Ezo in the Early Modern Period," and "History of Hokkaido Told Through Historical Materials," edited by Kitamura Koi, "Tsugaru Ichitoushi" 10 ("New History of Hokkaido," Vol. 7), "Collection of Documents on the Rebellion of Dixie in the 10th Year of Kanbun" ("Collection of Historical Materials on the Life of Common People in Japan," Vol. 4)

(Yoko Umiho)

Source: Asahi Japanese Historical Biography: Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc. About Asahi Japanese Historical Biography

Japanese:

没年：寛文8.4(1668)
生年：生年不詳
江戸前期の蝦夷地の5大勢力のひとつシュムクルの首長。鬼菱とも記す。シブチャリ(静内)の北西ハエ(門別)を本拠とすることからハエクルともサルンクルとも称された。シュムクルは西の衆の意。その影響力は,ヒポク(新冠),サル(平取),ムカワ(鵡川),シコツ(千歳),ユウバリ(夕張),サッポロ(札幌)にまでおよんだと推定される。寛永年間(1624～44)から松前藩が蝦夷地に商場知行制(藩が家臣に知行として特定地域のアイヌ民族との独占的交易権を与える制度)を推進,アイヌ民族の各共同体は漁猟的生産物の増産を強いられ,漁猟圏(イオル)をめぐる衝突が起こった。オニビシは石狩湾と太平洋岸を結ぶ水路中心の交通路をおさえたが,東のシブチャリを本拠としたメナシクル(東の衆)と対立していた。,慶安1(1648)年メナシクルの惣大将センタインが死去,その子カモクタインが跡を継いで情勢は一変。承応2(1653)年オニビシが,カモクタイン配下のシャクシャインと酒を酌み交わした際に,シャクシャインがオニビシの部下を撲殺,両者は戦争状態に入り,カモクタインは戦死した。翌年松前藩は内戦の長期化が交易へおよぼす影響を恐れ,オニビシを松前城下に招いて調停。明暦1(1655)年松前城下でオニビシとセンタインの後継者シャクシャインが松前藩を仲立ちに和睦。このときオニビシ方と松前藩との同盟関係が成立したと推定される。しかし,寛文5(1665)年ごろより松前藩が交易価格を大幅につりあげたため,6年以後オニビシ方と,シャクシャイン方の間で漁猟圏をめぐる対立が再燃し,7年再び武力衝突となり,翌8年オニビシはシャクシャイン方を見くびったため殺された。<参考文献>海保嶺夫『近世蝦夷地成立史の研究』,同『史料と語る北海道の歴史』,喜多村校尉編『津軽一統志』10(『新北海道史』7巻),『寛文拾年狄蜂起集書』(『日本庶民生活史料集成』4巻)

(海保洋子)

出典　朝日日本歴史人物事典：（株）朝日新聞出版朝日日本歴史人物事典について　情報

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