Ch'oe Cheu

Japanese: 崔済愚 - さいせいぐ（英語表記）Ch'oe Cheu

[Born] King Sunjo 24 (1824)
[Died] 1st year of King Gojong (1864). Founder of Donghak in Daegu, Korea. His pen names were Suun and Suunjae. His childhood name was Boksul. He was from Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province. He was from a fallen yangban family and traveled around the country in search of the truth when he was about 20 years old. In order to alleviate the anxiety of the people about corruption in national government and the impending invasion of Western powers, he founded Donghak in the 11th year of King Cheoljong's reign (1860). Donghak was named in opposition to Seohak (Christianity). At that time, the Taiping Rebellion and the invasion of Britain and France were happening in China, and he saw Christianity in Korea as the vanguard of the invasion of the West. Therefore, in order to counter Christianity, he adopted the merits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and the three teachings of the Taoist religion based on Korean folk beliefs (especially the belief in curing illness and living a long life), and made "man equals heaven" his basic philosophy. Furthermore, by taking an anti-feudal and anti-invasion stance, the religion penetrated a wide range of classes and quickly spread throughout Gyeongsang Province. As the influence of the religion expanded, Choi Je-gu established offices in various regions and appointed head priests to lead the believers in each region. The government considered Donghak to be a heretical school, and in the 14th year of the same year, Choi Je-gu was arrested, and in March of the following year, he was executed in Daegu on charges of heretical and corrupt practices. Later, in the 30th year of the reign of King Gojong (93), a movement arose to clear his name of the false charges, which became the catalyst for the Gabo Peasant Rebellion the following year. His works include "Donggyeongdaejeon" and "Yongdam Yisi."

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]純祖24(1824)
[没]高宗1(1864).大邱
朝鮮，東学の創始者。号は水雲，水雲斎。幼名は福述。慶尚北道慶州市の人。没落ヤンバン (両班)の出身で，20歳頃求道のため全国放浪の旅に出，国政の腐敗や，迫り来る欧米列強の侵入に対する民衆の不安を救済するため，哲宗 11 (1860) 年，東学を創始した。東学は西学 (キリスト) に対して命名されたもので，このとき中国では太平天国の乱や英仏の侵入などがあり，彼は国内のキリスト教を欧米侵入の先兵とみた。そのため，彼はキリスト教に対抗するため，朝鮮の民間信仰 (特に済病長生) を基礎に，儒，仏，仙3教の長所を取入れ，「人すなわち天」を基本思想とした。また反封建，反侵略の立場に立つことにより，広範な階層に浸透し，たちまち慶尚道一帯に広まった。崔済愚は教勢拡大に伴い各地に接所を設け，接主をおいて，その地方の教徒を統率させた。政府は東学を邪学として，同 14年崔済愚を逮捕，翌年3月，邪道乱正の罪で大邱で処刑した。のち高宗 30 (93) 年彼の冤罪を晴らすことを嘆願する運動が起り，これが翌年の甲午農民戦争の契機となった。著書に『東経大全』『竜潭遺詞』がある。

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