English scholastic philosopher. Also known as William of Ockham. Born in Ockham, England. Became a Franciscan monk at a young age, studied at Oxford, and eventually lectured on theology. He was accused of heresy, and was excommunicated due to the monastic doctrine of poverty and the issue of the papacy. He resisted Pope John XXII and Benedict XII (reigned 1334-1342). His philosophy and theology are permeated with a logical perspective, and his position, as represented by his Summa Logicae , is considered to be nominalism. He distinguishes between words, sounds, and concepts, and holds that universals are words as concepts. While sounds and letters are symbols established by agreement, concepts are natural symbols of things as a function of understanding. Although "man" is merely a symbol for a single thing, it does not necessarily represent (point to) a single thing; in "man is a noun," it represents a sound, and in "man is a species," it represents a concept. Reality is only single things, and the direct knowledge that recognizes single things, notitia intuitiva, is the basis of evidential knowledge. This idea made many theological propositions to be believed, encouraged the separation of these from empirical knowledge, and became the forerunner of modern natural scientific thought. "Occam's razor" is a rule he often used in his arguments, "one should not establish too many things without need." [Tetsuro Shimizu January 20, 2015] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスのスコラ哲学者。オッカムのウィリアムともよばれる。イングランドのオッカムに生まれる。若くしてフランシスコ会の修道僧となり、オックスフォードに学び、やがて神学を講じたが、異端の嫌疑をかけられ、修道会の貧困の教説と教皇権の問題も加わって、破門されつつも教皇ヨハネス22世およびベネディクトゥス12世Benedictus Ⅻ(在位1334~1342)に抵抗した。彼の哲学と神学には論理学的観点が貫かれており、『論理学大全』Summa Logicaeに代表されるその立場は唯名論と目される。彼は、ことばを文字、音声、概念に区別したうえで、普遍は概念としてのことばであるとする。音声および文字が取り決めによって成立した記号であるのに対し、概念は理解の働きとして事物の自然的な記号である。「人間」はあくまでも個物の記号であるが、かならずしも個物を代表する(指す)とは限らず、「人間は名詞である」においては音声を、「人間は種である」においては概念を代表する。実在は個物のみであり、個物を認識する直覚知notitia intuitivaこそが明証的知識の基礎となる。この考えは、多くの神学的命題を信じられるべきものとし、これと経験的知識との分離を促し、近世の自然科学的思想の先駆となった。「オッカムの剃刀(かみそり)」とは、彼が議論にしばしば用いた「必要なしに多くのものを定立してはならない」という規則のことである。 [清水哲郎 2015年1月20日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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