Service, ER (English)

Japanese: Service，E.R.（英語表記）ServiceER

...Incidentally, this is because it is extremely difficult for the conquered people to escape to surrounding areas and establish new villages in such areas. On the other hand, the Service ERService emphasizes the effects on the utility or social integration of three types of organizations: (1) the economic system of redistribution, (2) the organization of war, and (3) public works, as factors that contribute to the formation of a nation. Incidentally, (1) occurs when various products from various regions are collected under a certain leader and redistributed when regions with diverse ecological conditions are developed and specialization and specialization of labor are encouraged, and is also promoted by long-distance trade, etc.

From [Political Anthropology]

...After that, EA Hoebel, M. Fried, SN Eisenstadt and others developed political anthropological research, but from the mid-20th century evolutionism was revived and several attempts were made to organize various individual cultures chronologically based on known ethnographic knowledge. For example, Elman R. Service in his Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective (1962) discusses in detail the band, tribal and chiefdom stages, and positions them as followed by primitive states and ancient empires. Although from a different perspective, Max Gluckman also wrote Custom and Conflict in Africa (1955), which dynamically describes situations in which peace is maintained through the existence of tensions and conflicts, also set in African tribes, and Georges Balandier discussed political organizations in crisis situations in Political Anthropology (1971). ...

From [Culture]

...The view of culture as an adaptive system sees the elements of social organization linked to technology, economy, and production as the central domain of culture. There are different views on how adaptive change occurs and how it is carried out among M. Harris's "cultural materialism," E. Service's "cultural evolutionism," Steward's "cultural ecology," R. Rappaport's "human ecology," and others, but with the exception of Rappaport, they all share the view that the economy and related social aspects are the primary factors, and that idea systems (religion, rituals, worldviews, etc.) are secondary epiphenomena. Rappaport sees the cycle of rituals as a component of an adaptive system. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Service, ER" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…ちなみに，こうした地域では被征服者が周囲の地域に逃れて新しい村をつくることはきわめて困難だからである。　一方，サービスE.R.Serviceは国家形成に寄与する要因として，(1)再分配の経済システム，(2)戦争の組織，(3)公共事業，の3種の組織の効用ないしは社会統合に及ぼす効果を強調する。ちなみに，(1)は多様な生態条件にある地域が開発されるとともに労働の特殊化，専門化が助長される場合に，さまざまの地域のさまざまな産物をある指導者の下に集めて再分配することによって生ずるし，また遠隔地貿易などによっても促進される。…

【政治人類学】より

…その後E.A.ホーベル，M.フリード，S.N.アイゼンシュタットらの政治人類学的研究が展開したが，20世紀中ごろからの進化主義が復活し，既知となった民族誌的知見をもとに多様な個別文化を時系列的に整理する試みがいくつか行われた。たとえばサービスElman R.Serviceはその《未開の社会組織――進化論的展望Primitive Social Organization：An Evolutionary Perspective》(1962)でバンド段階，部族段階，首長制段階について詳しく論じ，さらに原始国家，古代帝国が続くと位置づけている。立場は異なるがグラックマンMax Gluckmanはやはりアフリカの諸部族を舞台として，緊張･対立の存在によって逆に平和が維持されている状況をダイナミックに説く《アフリカの慣習と葛藤Custom and Conflict in Africa》(1955)を書き，バランディエGeorges Balandierは《政治人類学》(1971)で危機状況の政治組織を論じた。…

【文化】より

…文化を適応体系と見る立場は，技術，経済，生産に結びついた社会組織の要素が文化の中心的な領域と見る。ハリスM.Harrisの〈文化物質主義cultural materialism〉，サービスE.Serviceの〈文化進化主義cultural evolutionism〉，またスチュワードに由来する〈文化生態学cultural ecology〉，ラパポートR.Rappaportらの〈人類生態学human ecology〉などの間には，それぞれ適応の変化がいかに生まれ，いかに行われるかについて異なった見解がみられるが，ラパポートを除き，いずれも経済とそれに関連する社会的側面を第一義的な要因と考え，観念体系(宗教，儀礼，世界観など)を二義的な随伴現象とみる点では共通している。ラパポートは，儀礼の周期を適応体系の構成要素としてとらえている。…

※「Service，E.R.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

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