Born: August 8, 1857 in Fairfield, Connecticut Died November 6, 1935. Garrison, New York. American paleontologist. Graduated from Princeton University (1877). The following year, he went to England to study under F. Balfour and T. Huxley. He was an associate professor of natural sciences at Princeton University (1881-1883) and a professor of comparative anatomy (1883-1990), and a professor at Columbia University (1991-1935). During that time, he also served as head of the paleontology department at the American Museum of Natural History (1891-1910) and director of the museum (1908-1935). He built the world's finest collection of vertebrate fossils at the Natural History Museum, improved the display method for specimens, and contributed to the popularization of paleontology. He made research trips to various parts of North America, Africa, and Mongolia, and achieved many accomplishments in paleontology. He created the concept of "adaptive radiation," which states that as animals or plants that were originally one species spread their distribution, they undergo changes to adapt to their new living environments and become separate species, and explained the mechanism of evolution. In addition to works on paleontology such as "The Age of Mammals" (10) and "Proboscidea" (Vol. 1, 36; Vol. 2, 41), he also wrote "From the Greeks to Darwin" (1894), which deals with the history of evolutionary thought. Osborne |
[生]1857.8.8. コネティカット,フェアフィールド [没]1935.11.6. ニューヨーク,ギャリソン アメリカの古生物学者。プリンストン大学卒業 (1877) 。翌年イギリスに留学し,F.バルフォア,T.ハクスリーに師事。プリンストン大学自然科学助教授 (81~83) ,比較解剖学教授 (83~90) ,コロンビア大学教授 (91~1935) 。その間アメリカ自然史博物館古生物部主任 (1891~1910) ,同館館長 (08~35) を兼ねる。自然史博物館に世界で最もすぐれた脊椎動物化石のコレクションをつくり上げて,標本の陳列方法を改良し,古生物学の普及に寄与した。北アメリカ各地,アフリカ,モンゴルに調査旅行を行い,古生物学で幾多の業績を上げた。そして,もともと一つの種であった動物あるいは植物がその分布を広げるにつれ,それぞれの生活環境に適応するように変化をとげて別々の種となるという「適応放散」の概念をつくり,進化の機構を説明した。『哺乳類の時代』 (10) ,『長鼻類』 (上巻 36,下巻 41) など古生物学の著書のほか,進化思想の歴史を扱った『ギリシア人からダーウィンまで』 (1894) がある。 オズボーン
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