British engineer and inventor of the steam pumping engine. Born in Dartmouth, Devonshire. He worked as a blacksmith and ironmonger, but from a young age he became passionate about building steam engines. His fellow townsman, Savery, also built a steam engine around the same time, creating a vacuum in a sealed container by condensing steam. Meanwhile, in a book written in 1690, Papin proposed creating a vacuum under a piston in a cylinder using an air pump. Combining these two ideas, Newcomen came up with the idea of creating a vacuum under a piston in a cylinder by condensing steam. He began making prototypes in 1705, and was assisted by his friend, John Calley (1663-1717), a glassmaker from Dartmouth. In 1712, he built the first practical engine at Dudley Castle in Staffordshire. The Newcomen engine is also called an atmospheric engine because it uses only atmospheric pressure to pump water and steam only to create a vacuum. This engine became popular, especially in mines, for pumping water, but Newcomen himself did not intend to profit from his invention. After his death, his patent expired in 1733, and it was in use for over 60 years until the appearance of the Watt engine, playing a major role in the development of the British coal industry. It was Smeaton who improved the Newcomen engine and maximized its performance with this type of engine. [Toshio Yamazaki] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの技術者。蒸気揚水機関の発明者。デボンシャーのダートマス生まれ。鍛冶(かじ)屋および鉄商を営んでいたが、若いときから蒸気機関の製作に熱中した。同郷のセーベリーも同時期に蒸気機関をつくり、蒸気の凝結で密閉容器中に真空をつくった。一方、パパンは1690年の著書で、シリンダーの中でピストンの下に空気ポンプにより真空をつくる提案をした。ニューコメンはこの二つを結び付け、シリンダーの中のピストンの下に蒸気の凝結で真空をつくることを着想した。1705年から試作を開始し、友人でダートマス出身のガラス職人キャリーJohn Calley(1663―1717)の助けを得た。1712年スタッフォードシャーのダッドリー城に初めて実用化した機関を建造した。 ニューコメン機関は大気圧だけで水を吸い上げ、蒸気は真空をつくるためにだけ用いるので大気圧機関ともいう。この機関は揚水用としてとくに鉱山に普及したが、ニューコメン自身は発明から利益を得ようとは考えなかった。彼の死後、1733年に特許は満期となり、ワット機関が出現するまでの60年間以上にわたって普及し、イギリスの石炭産業発達に大きな役割を演じた。ニューコメン機関を改良し、この形式で性能を極限まで高めたのはスミートンであった。 [山崎俊雄] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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