A region that occupies the central to northwestern part of Romania. Historically, it refers to the central plateau surrounded by the Eastern Carpathian, Southern Carpathian, and Western Carpathian (Apuseni) mountain ranges. In a broader sense, it includes the Banat, Krishna, and Maramures regions that spread out on the outer edge of the Western Carpathian Mountains. "Transylvania" is the English name, and is called Ardeal in Romanian, Erdély in Hungarian, and Siebenbürgen in German. It has an area of 102,000 square kilometers and a total population of about 7.59 million (1997. Both area and population are broad ranges). In addition to Romanians, more than one million Hungarians live there. The climate is continental, but it is influenced by the Atlantic and Mediterranean Oceans throughout the year. Topographically, it is divided into the Someş Plateau and Transylvanian Plain in the north, the Trnavė Hills in the central part, the Sekashė Plateau in the west, and the Chrtibačiu Plateau in the south. Basins such as Bistrica, Brasov, Sibiu and Făgaraș are located on the periphery of these mountains. The plains that spread to the west of the Western Carpathians continue into the Puszta plain in Hungary. The Someș River valley in the north and the Murș River valley in the south provide transportation routes, and the region is connected to the Romanian plain in the south through the Olt River valley and Prahova valley that cut deeply into the Southern Carpathians. Wheat and grapes are produced, and pig and cattle breeding is also thriving. It is also a natural gas producing region. Major cities include Cluj, Brasov, Oradea, Arad and Sibiu. [Seinosuke Sasada] historyDuring the ancient Roman period, it was part of the Roman province of Dacia. Romanian historiography states that the Dacians, who accepted Roman rule and culture, continued to live in this region. However, Hungarian historiography states that when Rome reduced its territory in the 3rd century due to oppression by the Goths, the Dacians were either killed or moved south with them, and that Hungarians settled in Transylvania as indigenous peoples in the 9th century. In 1540, it became a principality ruled by Hungarians, and at the end of the 16th century, it became the Principality of Wallachia, and at the beginning of the 17th century, it was ruled by Turkey, but in 1699, it was returned to the territory of the Habsburg Empire. When the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy was established in 1867, it was incorporated into Hungary, but the dual monarchy collapsed during World War I, and in December 1918, Romanians in the region resolved at a large assembly in Alba Iulia to merge with Romania. The Paris Peace Conference after World War I also approved this. The northern part of Transylvania was given to Hungary by the Vienna Award of August 1940, but was recaptured by Romania at the end of World War II. Romania's sovereignty was further recognized by the Treaty of Paris in 1947. The final settlement over the two countries' sovereignty over Transylvania was the signing of the Treaty of Good Neighborliness in September 1996, which recognized it as Romanian territory in exchange for the guarantee of inviolability of the border and the rights of Hungarians as an ethnic minority. [Kido Tsuyoshi] [References] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ルーマニアの中央部から北西部を占める地域。歴史的には東カルパティア、南カルパティア、西カルパティア(アプセニ山脈)の各山脈に囲まれた中央の台地部をさす。広義には、西カルパティア山脈の外縁に広がるバナート地方、クリシャナ地方、マラムレシュ地方を含む。「トランシルバニア」は英語名で、ルーマニア語名アルデアルArdeal、ハンガリー語名エルデーイErdély、ドイツ語名ジーベンビュルゲンSiebenbürgen。面積10万2000平方キロメートル、総人口約759万(1997。面積、人口とも広義の範囲)。ルーマニア人のほかに、100万以上のハンガリー人が居住している。気候は大陸性であるが、年間を通じて大西洋や地中海の影響を受ける。地形的には、北部のソメシュ高原とトランシルバニア平原、中央部のトゥルナベ丘陵、西部のセカシェ高原、南部のフルティバチウ高原に分かれる。これらの縁辺部にビストリツァ、ブラショフ、シビウ、ファガラシュなどの盆地群が連なる。西カルパティア山脈の西側に広がる平原はハンガリーのプスタ平原に続く。北部ではソメシュ川の、南部ではムレシュ川の谷が交通路となり、南のルーマニア平原とは、南カルパティア山脈を深く刻むオルト川渓谷やプラホバ渓谷を通じて結ばれている。小麦、ブドウを生産し、ブタや牛の飼育も盛んである。天然ガス産出地帯でもある。おもな都市にクルージュ、ブラショフ、オラーデア、アラド、シビウなどがある。 [佐々田誠之助] 歴史古代ローマ時代にはその属州ダキアの一部であった。ルーマニアの歴史学では、ローマの支配と文化を受け入れたダキア人が、その後も一貫してこの地方に居住したとされる。だがハンガリーの歴史学では、3世紀にゴート人に圧迫されてローマがその領域を縮小した際に、ダキア人は殺されるか、いっしょに南方へ去ったとされ、トランシルバニアへは9世紀にハンガリー人が先住者として定着したとする。1540年にハンガリー人の支配する公国となり、16世紀末にワラキア公国に、17世紀初頭にはトルコに支配されたが、1699年にハプスブルク帝国の領土に帰した。1867年にオーストリア・ハンガリー二重王国が成立するとハンガリー領に編入されたが、第一次世界大戦で二重王国が崩壊し、1918年12月に同地のルーマニア人がアルバ・ユーリアの大集会でルーマニアとの合併を決議した。第一次大戦後のパリ講和会議もそれを承認した。1940年8月のウィーン裁定により北部がハンガリーに与えられたが、第二次大戦末期にルーマニアが奪還した。さらに47年のパリ条約により、ルーマニアの領有権が認められた。両国のトランシルバニア領有権をめぐる最終決着は96年9月の善隣友好条約の締結で、国境不可侵とハンガリー人の少数民族としての権利の保証と引き換えに、ルーマニア領であることが認められた。 [木戸 蓊] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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