squirearchy

Japanese: squirearchy
squirearchy

…(4) In terms of politics, at least until the beginning of the 19th century, gentlemen were the only ruling class in England. Members of the House of Commons were elected from among them, and they also monopolized the magistrate position, which was a key position in local politics. In the 18th century in particular, a strong system of control between large landowners and merchants was established, which is generally called the "landlord monarchy" or "squirearchy." After the 19th century, the economic power of the landowners declined relatively, but the position of the gentlemen in the social value system did not change much, and their political power was maintained quite strongly until World War I. …

From [Squire]

…In terms of status, they were lower than a knight but higher than a simple gentleman, and some estimates suggest that there were around 3,000 families in 1688. It is also used more broadly to mean a wealthy landowner, and words such as squirearchy (a system of landowner rule) and squarson (a landowner-cum-clergyman) were born. Gentleman [Kawakita Minoru]. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "squirearchy" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…(4)の政治とのかかわりは,少なくとも19世紀初めまでのイギリスでは,ジェントルマンのみが為政者階級であったといってよく,庶民院議員は彼らのなかから選挙され,地方政治のかなめの位置を占めた治安判事職なども彼らによって独占された。とりわけ18世紀には,大地主ジェントルマンと大商人との強固な支配体制が成立し,一般に〈地主王政〉とか〈地主支配体制squirearchy〉と呼ばれている。19世紀以降は,地主の経済力は相対的に低下するものの,社会的価値体系上のジェントルマンの位置はあまり変わらず,その政治権力は第1次世界大戦まではかなり強固に維持された。…

【スクワイア】より

…身分的には〈ナイト〉よりは下で〈単なるジェントルマン〉よりは上に位置し,1688年ころで3000家族程度という推計もある。ひろく〈富裕な地主〉という意味でも使われ,〈スクワイアラーキーsquirearchy(地主支配体制)〉とか〈スクワーソンsquarson(地主兼牧師)〉といった言葉も生まれた。ジェントルマン【川北 稔】。…

※「squirearchy」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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