Protons and neutrons are considered to be different charged states of the same elementary particle (nucleon), and Werner K. Heisenberg introduced isospin by analogy with electron spin to describe the internal degrees of freedom of nucleons. That is, nucleons have isospin 1/2, and protons and neutrons are expressed as having the third component of isospin I 3 of 1/2 and -1/2, respectively. It is also called charged spin. By convention, in nuclear physics, the signs are often reversed, with protons corresponding to I 3 = -1/2 and neutrons corresponding to I 3 = 1/2. Similarly, the isospin of a π meson is 1, and I 3 of 1, 0, and -1 correspond to π + , π 0 , and π - mesons, respectively. All particles that interact with the strong interaction (hadrons) are eigenstates of isospin, ignoring the effects of electromagnetic and weak interactions. Looking at the level of the quarks that make up hadrons, the third component of isospin is one of the internal quantum numbers (fragrance quantum numbers) of a quark, with the u quark having I 3 = 1/2, the d quark having I 3 = -1/2, their antiquarks having the opposite sign, and the other quarks having I 3 = 0. The fact that the u quark and the d quark have almost the same mass can be said to have increased the effectiveness of isospin. (→ Charged space) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
陽子と中性子は同一の素粒子(核子)の異なる荷電状態とみなされ,核子の内部自由度を記述するため,ウェルナー・K.ハイゼンベルクは電子のスピンから類推してアイソスピンを導入した。すなわち,核子はアイソスピン 1/2をもち,陽子と中性子はそれぞれアイソスピンの第三成分 I3が 1/2および-1/2の状態として表現される。荷電スピンともいう。慣習上,原子核物理学では符号を逆にとり,陽子を I3=-1/2,中性子を I3=1/2の状態に対応させる場合が多い。同様にπ中間子のアイソスピンは 1であり,I3が 1,0,-1の状態がそれぞれπ+,π0,π-中間子に対応する。強い相互作用をするすべての粒子(ハドロン)は,電磁相互作用や弱い相互作用の影響を無視すれば,アイソスピンの固有状態である。ハドロンを構成するクォークのレベルでみると,アイソスピンの第三成分はクォークのもつ内部量子数(香りの量子数)の一つで,uクォークは I3=1/2,dクォークは I3=-1/2,その反クォークは符号を変えたものをもち,他のクォークは I3=0である。uクォークと dクォークがほぼ同じ質量であることがアイソスピンの有効性を高めたといえる。(→荷電空間)
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