Ogasawara Style

It is one of the schools of military science, military science, and etiquette that originated from samurai customs. The samurai customs that originated from the Ogasawara family in Kyoto were passed down to various feudal lords as the samurai customs of the Ogasawara clan of Shinano during the Azuchi-Momoyama period, and in the Edo period, the Ogasawara school spread not only as military science and military science, but also as a way of writing etiquette for women, discipline for brides, and etiquette. In the Meiji period, it became an etiquette manual for girls' schools, and during wartime, the Ministry of Education incorporated the Ogasawara etiquette into the "Etiquette Guidelines," so that etiquette in common morality came to be called the Ogasawara school.

In the samurai records, since the founder of the Ogasawara clan, Nagakiyo, the Ogasawara family of Shinano has been considered to be the master of archery and horse riding etiquette in the Kamakura, Muromachi and Tokugawa Shogunates. However, in terms of historical fact, Minamoto no Yoritomo held a discussion on archery and arrows, recorded the family theories and ancient records of the practice of archery and horse riding, and the practices of yabusame, kasagake and other arts were passed down to Hojo Yasutoki and Tokiyori (Azuma Kagami), and it was only after Ashikaga Yoshinori, the Shogun of the Muromachi Shogunate, that the Shogun family's archery and horse riding masters appeared (Niki Kenichi, Research on Medieval Samurai Ceremonies).

It was in 1430 (Eikyo 2) that Mochinaga, the Bizen no Kami of the Ogasawara family in Kyoto, became the archery instructor for Shogun Yoshinori (Mansai Jugō Nikki). When Shogun Yoshikatsu took office in November 1442 (Kakitsu 2), Mochinaga's son, Minbu no Sho Mochikiyo, served as the "instructor" (Yasuto Miki). During the reign of Shogun Yoshihisa and Yoshiki (the original name of the 10th Shogun Yoshitane), Mochikiyo's son, Tamibu no Shoyu Masakiyo (the Buddhist name Munenobu), taught the art of arrow-cutting (Nagaoki Sukuneki) and the art of horse-drawn archery (Inryoken Nichiroku). The Kyoto Ogasawara clan was followed by Naokiyo, Tanemori, Hidekiyo, and Nagamoto, who all followed Oda Nobunaga. The historical records of the Ogasawara clan of Kyoto include Mochinaga (Jogen)'s "Ogasawara-ryu Tazuna no Hisho" and "Hidesho of Kisha" and Motonaga's (the son of Mochinaga's younger brother Masahiro, and the head of Harima Nyudo) "Jarai Nikki" and "Inuoumono Nikki" (Dog Hunting Nikki) (owned by Sonkeikaku).

In 1551 (Tenbun 20), the father and son, Daizendaibu Nagatoki and Sadayoshi, of the Ogasawara clan of Shinano, were chased out of Fukashi Castle by Takeda Shingen, and sought refuge in Kyoto's Ogasawara Bizen no Kami Tanemori (Daigoji documents), Uesugi Kenshin, and Ashina Moriuji of Aizu (Documents held at Nagano Prefectural Museum of History). During this time, Nagatoki compiled a book on samurai customs, and Sadayoshi also passed on the "Bakuichiryu no Sho" to Irobe Shuri no Daibu Nagazane on June 10, 1581 (Irobe documents), and the original remains (held at Nagano Prefectural Museum of History). The Shinano Ogasawara Nagatoki and Sadayoshi samurai records are passed on to the Ogasawara family, lords of Kokura domain in Buzen, by Sadayoshi's son Hidemasa (Lord of Matsumoto domain), and were passed on to Totomi no Kami Tadamoto by the domain's lord, Ukon Shogen Tadakatsu, on November 21, 1698 (Genroku 11) (owned by Kotakuji Temple in Matsumoto city). The Ogasawara family of Kyoto, through the line of Mochinaga's younger brother Masahiro (Norinaga), also called himself Rokuro Harima Nyudo, and was continued by Motonaga, Motokiyo, Mototsugu, and Yasuhiro, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu and took the name Nuidonosuke, and were succeeded by Nagafusa, Mochimasa, Mochihiro, Mochikane, Mochitoshi, and Jiko, all of whom served as hatamoto with a stipend of 785 koku, serving as archery instructors and lead archer, and during the late Edo period under Kanejiro, who served as archery instructor at the Kobusho, up until the Meiji Restoration. A separate family was the Ogasawara family (descendants of Ogasawara Akazawa Tsunao), a hatamoto family with a stipend of 500 koku, whose home province was Kai and who served as the spearhead archer and gunner under the pseudonyms Heibei and Magoshichi. During the reign of Shogun Yoshimune, it is said that the hatamoto Nuidonosuke Mochihiro and Heibei Tsuneharu participated in the establishment of the archery and horse riding ceremonies, and this was followed by Tsuneharu, Tsuneyoshi, Sumitsune, Tsuneyori, Tsunekata, Tsuneaki, Tsunewaki, and Tsunetaka, who continued until the Meiji Restoration.

The feudal lord and hatamoto Ogasawara clan forbade the teaching of etiquette as a means of making a living, and therefore kept their distance from teaching Ogasawara-ryu etiquette. Rather, in the early Edo period, private schools taught by ronin (masterless samurai) in military arts, military science, and samurai customs arose in the three capitals, and Ogasawara-ryu military science spread among the general public. In 1632 (Kan'ei 9), the seven-volume "Ogasawara Family Rites" was published by Nagato, and the three-volume "Ogasawara Various Rites" was published by Sadayoshi along with the "Ogasawara 100 Articles," and became widespread. In the mid-1630s, Mizushima Bokuya of Oshima, Edo, taught Ogasawara-ryu etiquette at a private school and compiled the "Ogasawara-ryu Various Books," which included women's etiquette and a collection of discipline. In 1809 (Bunka 6), Okada Gyokuzan published the Ogasawara Shorei Taizen (Complete Encyclopedia of Ogasawara Rites) in three volumes and three books. Thus, from the mid-Edo period onwards, the Ogasawara school was accepted and spread as a way of teaching writing and decoration ceremonies, etiquette, and manners to the samurai, townspeople, priests, and village officials.

In the Meiji period, the former lord of Kokura Domain, Count Ogasawara Tadanobu, published the Ogasawara-ryu Jorei Sho in 1896, which became a guidebook for the education of women and girls' schools for the newly emerging bourgeoisie. During the war, nine volumes of the Etiquette Manners Collection were published between 1938 and 1939, and in 1941 the Ministry of Education established the Etiquette Essentials, adopting and popularizing the Ogasawara-ryu etiquette as "etiquette for the Imperial Family and the nation." The Kodokan also adopted the Ogasawara-ryu's left-right stance and right-left stance in judo, which continues to this day. The Ogasawara-ryu expanded beyond the framework of samurai customs to include etiquette in general, and became established as a guiding principle for etiquette and manners for the "common morality" that modern nations needed. In the postwar democratization, the semi-feudal moral Ogasawara etiquette fell into disregard, but Tadamune (Professor at Sagami Women's University and former Director of Matsumoto City Library), a descendant of the Ogasawara family, the former lord of Kokura Domain, established the "Ogasawara Soryo Family Etiquette Research Institute" in Tokyo in 1980, and Keishosai currently claims to be the head of the school. Separately, Ogasawara Kiyotada, a descendant of the former samurai Ogasawara Tsunekata, claims to be the "31st generation head of the Ogasawara school of etiquette."

[Ihara Kesao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

武家故実から出た兵学、軍学および礼法の流派の一つ。京都小笠原家に発祥した武家故実が、織豊(しょくほう)期に信濃(しなの)小笠原氏の武家故実として諸大名に相伝され、江戸時代には兵学、軍学のみならず女子の書札礼や嫁の躾(しつけ)、礼儀作法として小笠原流が流布した。明治期には女学校の礼法指南書となり、戦時下では文部省が「礼法要項」に小笠原礼法を取り入れたことから、通俗道徳での礼儀作法のあり方を小笠原流とよぶようになった。

　武家故実書のなかでは、小笠原氏の祖長清(ながきよ)以来、信濃小笠原家が弓馬礼法について鎌倉・室町・徳川幕府の師範家とされてきた。しかし、史実としては、源頼朝(よりとも)が弓箭(きゅうせん)談義を行い弓馬堪能(たんのう)の故実について相伝の家説、旧記を記録し、流鏑馬(やぶさめ)、笠懸(かさがけ)以下作物故実は北条泰時(ほうじょうやすとき)・時頼(ときより)に伝えられた（『吾妻鏡(あづまかがみ)』）のみで、将軍家の弓馬師範が登場するのは室町幕府の将軍足利義教(あしかがよしのり)以降であることが明らかにされた（二木謙一『中世武家儀礼の研究』）。

　1430年（永享2）京都小笠原家の備前守(びぜんのかみ)持長(もちなが)が将軍義教の御弓師となったのが初見である（『満済准后(まんさいじゅごう)日記』）。1442年（嘉吉2）11月将軍義勝が就任すると持長の子息民部少輔(みんぶのしょう)持清が「御師範」を勤めた（『康富記(やすとみき)』）。将軍義尚(よしひさ)・義材(よしき)（10代義稙(よしたね)の初名）の代には持清の子息民部少輔政清（法名宗信）が矢開(やびらき)（『長興宿禰記(ながおきすくねき)』）や弓馬之道(きゅうばのみち)を伝授した（『蔭凉軒日録(いんりょうけんにちろく)』）。京都小笠原家はその後尚清(なおきよ)、稙盛(たねもり)、秀清(ひできよ)、長元(ながもと)と続き織田信長に従った。京都小笠原家の武家故実書は、持長（浄元）の『小笠原流手綱之秘書(たづなのひしょ)』『騎射秘抄』や元長（持長の弟政広(まさひろ)の子、播磨(はりま)入道宗長）の『射礼(じゃらい)日記』『犬追物 (いぬおうもの)日記』（尊経閣所蔵）などが伝来する。

　信濃小笠原家の大膳大夫(だいぜんだいぶ)長時と貞慶(さだよし)父子は1551年（天文20）武田信玄(しんげん)に深志(ふかし)城を追われ、京都小笠原備前守稙盛を頼り（『醍醐寺文書(だいごじもんじょ)』）、上杉謙信(けんしん)、会津(あいづ)の蘆名盛氏(あしなもりうじ)を頼って流浪した（長野県立歴史館所蔵文書）。この間、長時が武家故実書を作成し、貞慶も天正9年（1581）6月10日に「幕一流之書」を色部(いろべ)修理大夫(しゅりのだいぶ)長真(ながざね)に伝授（『色部文書』）し、その原本が残っている（長野県立歴史館所蔵）。信濃小笠原長時・貞慶の武家故実書は、貞慶の子秀政（松本藩主）から豊前(ぶぜん)小倉(こくら)藩主小笠原家に伝えられ、元禄11年（1698）11月21日に藩主右近将監(うこんしょうげん)忠雄(ただかつ)から遠江守(とおとうみのかみ)忠基に相伝、伝授された（松本市広沢(こうたく)寺所蔵）。京都小笠原家は、持長の弟政広（教長(のりなが)）の系統も六郎播磨入道を称して元長、元清、元続(もとつぐ)、康広(やすひろ)と続き、徳川家康に仕え、縫殿助(ぬいどののすけ)を号して長房、持真、持広、持賢、持易(もちかね)、持齢(もちとし)、持暠(じこう)と続き、歴代785石の旗本として射礼師範、先手弓頭を勤め、幕末の鐘次郎の代に講武所弓術師範役を勤め明治維新に至った。これとは別家で、甲斐(かい)を本国とする歴代500石の平兵衛(へいべえ)・孫七を号して先手弓頭、鉄炮頭(てっぽうがしら)を勤めた旗本小笠原家（小笠原赤沢経直(つねなお)の子孫）があった。将軍吉宗(よしむね)のとき、旗本の縫殿助持広と平兵衛常春が弓馬儀礼の制定に参画したと伝え、常春、常喜(つねよし)、住常(すみつね)、常倚(つねより)、常方、常亮(つねあき)、常脇、常高と続き明治維新を迎えた。

　大名・旗本小笠原家では礼法教授を生計の手段とすることを禁じたため、小笠原流作法指南に距離を置いてきた。むしろ、江戸初期に浪人の兵法、軍学、武家故実の私塾が三都で勃興(ぼっこう)し、民間に小笠原流兵学が流布した。1632年（寛永9）には『小笠原家礼書』7巻1冊が長時、『小笠原諸礼集』3巻1冊が貞慶の書として『小笠原百箇条』とともに出版され普及した。中期には、江戸大島の水島卜也(ぼくや)が私塾で小笠原流作法を教え、女礼・躾抜要集などを含む『小笠原流諸書』を編纂(へんさん)した。1809年（文化6）には岡田玉山(ぎょくざん)が『小笠原諸礼大全』3巻3冊を刊行した。こうして江戸中期以降、小笠原流は武家から町人衆や僧侶(そうりょ)神官層、村役人層の書札礼や万(よろず)の躾、礼儀、作法を指導するものとして受容され普及した。

　明治期には、元小倉藩主・伯爵小笠原忠忱(ただのぶ)が1896年『小笠原流女礼抄』を刊行し、新興ブルジョアの女子教育や女学校の礼法指南書となった。戦時下では、1938（昭和13）～1939年『礼儀作法全集』9巻が刊行され、1941年文部省が「礼法要項」を制定し、「皇室・国家に関する礼法」として小笠原礼法を取り入れ普及させた。講道館も小笠原流の左坐右起を柔道に取り入れ現代に及んでいる。小笠原流は武家故実の枠を超えて礼法一般にまで拡大し、近代国家が必要とした「通俗道徳」の礼儀、作法の指導理念として定着した。戦後民主化のなかで、半封建的道徳の小笠原礼法は顧みられなくなったが、旧小倉藩主小笠原家の子孫忠統(ただむね)（相模女子大学教授・元松本市図書館長）が1980年東京に「小笠原惣領(そうりょう)家礼法研究所」を設立し、現在敬承斎(けいしょうさい)が宗家を称している。これとは別に旧旗本小笠原常方の子孫である小笠原清忠が「小笠原流礼法31世宗家」を称している。

［井原今朝男］

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