Ogasawara Islands - Ogasawara Islands

Japanese: 小笠原諸島 - おがさわらしょとう

A group of islands scattered across the Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 to 1,250 kilometers south-southeast of Tokyo. Also known as the Bonin Islands, it is a corrupted form of the word "uninhabited island." It belongs to Ogasawara Village, Ogasawara Branch Office, Tokyo. This is a general term for the islands that line up almost north to south between 27 degrees 45 minutes and 24 degrees 14 minutes north latitude, including the Ogasawara Islands, the Volcano Islands (Iouretto), Nishinoshima, Okinotorishima (the southernmost island in Japan), and Minamitorishima. The area of the Ogasawara Islands is 6.5 square kilometers for the Mukojima Islands, 39 square kilometers for the Chichijima Islands, 27.3 square kilometers for the Hahajima Islands, 31.5 square kilometers for the Kazan Islands, and including the others, the total is 104.41 square kilometers. Of these, Chichijima is the largest, with a circumference of 52 kilometers and an area of 23.80 square kilometers.

[Kikuchi Masao]

Nature

The Ogasawara Islands are a volcanic archipelago of more than 30 small islands and reefs that erupted from the seafloor in the Eocene epoch of the Tertiary Period, located on the Ogasawara Ridge, which forms the western edge of the Izu-Ogasawara Trench, south-southeast of the Izu Islands. From the north, the archipelago consists of the Mukojima Islands, Chichijima Islands, and Hahajima Islands, and the isolated Nishinoshima Island, located about 130 km west of Chichijima. The islands are mountainous and lack low-lying land, surrounded by high sea cliffs, and although there are many bays, there are few good harbors. The highest point in the Ogasawara Islands is 463 meters high, Mount Chibusa on Hahajima Island. The few flat areas are mainly on the summits and ridges of the islands, and the rocks that make up the islands are highly permeable andesite agglomerates, lava, and coral limestone, making them not very suitable for agriculture.

The climate is subtropical oceanic, with an average winter temperature of 17°C and an average summer temperature of 27°C, and an annual rainfall of 1,600 mm. Most of the island is covered with forests and has laterite soil (red soil).

The Volcanic Islands, also known as the Sulfur Islands, are located about 200 km southwest of the Ogasawara Islands. From a geological perspective, they are newer than the Ogasawara Islands, being volcanic islands that erupted in the Quaternary Period, and their history of discovery and ownership is different from that of the archipelago. Okinotorishima is an elliptical atoll that is mostly below sea level, while Minamitorishima is an equilateral triangular raised coral reef.

[Kikuchi Masao]

Fauna

In general, island biota is poorer than that of the continent; the larger and higher the island, the greater the number of species that breed there, and the further away from the continent the fewer species there are. The older the island, the more endemic organisms that are found only in that area. These endemic species that have adapted to the island environment live in high densities. The biota of mainland Japan itself is very poor compared to mainland China, and the further away from the continent and mainland, such as the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands, the poorer it becomes. On the other hand, the number of endemic species increases.

Among mammals that naturally inhabit the Ogasawara Islands, there is only one flying mammal, the Ogasawara flying fox, Pterops pselaphon . As for flying birds, 16 species of land birds inhabit and breed on the islands. Among them, the Japanese bush warbler Apalopteron familiare , the Ogasawara finch Chaunoproctus ferreorostris, and four other species are endemic to the islands: the Ogasawara wood pigeon Columba versicolor and the Ogasawara larkspur Turdus terrestris . However, the three species except for the Japanese bush warbler are already extinct. In addition, nine species have been recognized as endemic subspecies, including the large-billed night cricket Nycticorax caledonicus , the white-crowned rail Poliolimnas cinereus , the common buzzard, the peregrine falcon and the Japanese bush warbler, but the first two of these are extinct. The Ogasawara Islands are an ideal breeding ground for seabirds, with a total of 14 species recorded as breeding there, including three albatross species, petrels, storm petrels, and terns. Of the seabirds, the common storm petrel Oceanodroma matsudairae breeds only on the Iwo Islands. The short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus has disappeared from the Ogasawara Islands due to overhunting for its feathers. There are two terrestrial reptiles, the Bonin Skink Ablepharus boutonii and the extinct Bonin Gecko Gehyra variegata , but they are not endemic to the islands. As for marine reptiles, the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas lays eggs on the sandy coast. There are no amphibians or freshwater fish species found here. Of the 104 species of land snails, 98 are endemic. There are also about 1,400 recorded species of insects, about one third of which are endemic to the area. The marine fauna is numerous but has not been thoroughly studied, and the terrestrial invertebrates are still poorly understood.

As such, no matter which animal group you look at, there are many species that are endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, making the Ogasawara Islands a region that can be thought of as a laboratory for biological evolution. Due to their high academic value, many of these organisms are designated as natural monuments and are protected. However, endemic organisms that have adapted to the island's environment are vulnerable to environmental changes, and as humans began to develop and modify the islands, many species have become extinct. Humans also brought a variety of animals to the Ogasawara Islands, including goats, toads, African snails, and tilapia. These animals are multiplying on the islands, changing the biota.

[Hiroshi Hasegawa]

Flora and vegetation

Ogasawara has 441 species of native vascular plants (seed plants and ferns) (endemism rate 36.5%), comparable to the 566 species in the Galapagos (endemism rate 42.6%). In terms of origin, the majority of species are those that make up the evergreen broad-leaved forests of Southeast Asia (Southeast Asian elements), such as the Japanese laurel tree, the camellia platyphylla, and the Japanese holly, mixed with plants of southern origin such as the Japanese laurel tree and the Japanese sandalwood (Oceania elements) and plants from the north of Japan, such as the long-leaved hornbeam and the Japanese rubus (mainland Japanese elements), to form a unique flora. Also notable is the absence of Castanopsis and Oaks from the Fagaceae family.

Of the forests that represent Ogasawara, the moist high forest is a type of forest with trees reaching 20 meters in height that is found in locations with relatively developed soil, with giant trees such as the Japanese holly, the Udonoki, the China chinaberry, and the Japanese sappan, forming a canopy, and the understory is dominated by the Japanese moccasin. The Ogasawara mulberry was also an important component species, but it was driven to the brink of extinction by logging in the early days of development. Most of the moist high forest was converted into fields before the war, and today only small traces can be seen at Kuwanokiyama and Sekimon on Hahajima.

The dry scrub forests are low shrubs with trees about 2-8 meters tall and spread mainly on the slightly dry mountain flats of Chichijima and Anijima. The main species are Shimai sugi, Munin himetsubai, Adek, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, and Pandanus takonoki, and around exposed bedrock the forests can become dwarf shrubs with trees only about 0.5 meters tall. The dry scrub forests have the highest species diversity of all the forests in Ogasawara, containing many endemic species (the endemic rate of the constituent trees is about 70%), and many of the constituent species are rare species (listed in the Japanese Red Data Book). There are also cases of adaptive radiation speciation in the genera Pittosporum and Veronica depending on the growing environment.

Another noteworthy vegetation is the community of Wadan-noki, which only grows in the humid, cloud-like environment of the main ridge of Hahajima. Wadan-noki is a plant of the Asteraceae family that is endemic to Ogasawara (one genus, one species), and is said to be an example of a herbaceous ancestor evolving into a woody plant on the island (arborescence phenomenon).

After the war, vast secondary forests consisting of Ryukyu pine (an alien species) and Camellia nigra were established on the lands where the natural forests were destroyed (farmland before World War II). However, in the early 1980s, the pine wood nematode, which had invaded from the mainland, caused pine wilt disease, and most of the parent pine trees died.

In addition to Ryukyu pine, other invasive species such as bishop wood, Casuarina arborescens, and Leucaena leucocephala have spread and become a problem in Ogasawara. In particular, bishop wood, which is native to Southeast Asia, has invaded moist high forests en masse since the damage caused by a typhoon in 1983 (Showa 58) and is driving out native species, so eradication efforts have been carried out since 2002 (Heisei 14).

[Yoshikazu Shimizu]

history

It is said that the island was discovered in 1593 (Bunroku 2) by Ogasawara Sadayori, lord of Matsumoto Castle in Shinshu, and that the island's name is derived from this, but there is no person named Sadayori in the Ogasawara family's family tree, so this story is not very credible. The first time a nation explored the area with the aim of claiming it was in 1675 (Enpo 3), when the first Edo Shogunate inspectorate was dispatched. In the 19th century, whaling in the Pacific Ocean became popular, and whaling ships from various countries visited the island in search of water, some of whom settled there. In 1827 (Bunsei 10), the British warship Blossom visited the island and declared it British territory, and in 1853 (Kaei 6), the American Perry called at port and appointed an immigrant from Hawaii as chief, leading to disputes over the ownership of the island between Britain and the United States. In 1861 (Bunkyu 1), the shogunate dispatched a second inspectorate, and the following year, they sent immigrants from Hachijojima and established a management agency, but development was halted and the ownership issue was not resolved.

In 1876 (Meiji 9), with the approval of the relevant foreign countries, the island was clearly handed over to Japan for the first time, and in 1880 it came under the control of Tokyo Prefecture, and in 1886 the Ogasawara Islands Administration was established on Chichijima. By 1882, all residents of British, American and Kanaka descent had become Japanese citizens. After World War II, the US government exercised legislative, judicial and administrative authority in accordance with the Treaty of Peace with Japan, but in June 1968 (Showa 43), when the Ogasawara Islands were returned to Japan, they were handed over to Ogasawara Village, Ogasawara Branch Office, Tokyo. At that time, the Ogasawara Islands, including Nishinoshima, Kazan Islands, Okinotorishima and Minamitorishima, came to be called the Ogasawara Islands, and the former Ogasawara Islands came to be called the Ogasawara Gunto.

[Kikuchi Masao]

industry

Until the Second World War, the most important industry was the fishery industry. Close to the fishing grounds of the Ogasawara Warm Current, fishing boats from the mainland gathered at Futami Port on Chichijima, where tuna, bonito, and whale fishing were conducted, and bonito flakes and canned goods were processed. Special activities included coral harvesting and the capture of green and hawksbill turtles. Agriculture was limited in size and lack of flat land, and water was poorly utilized, but the island was blessed with the light and heat of the subtropics, and sugarcane cultivation and sugar manufacturing flourished. After the return of the island, the price of sugar fell, so the island switched to vegetables and tropical fruits, which were supplied to the mainland, especially the Keihin area, during the winter dry season, and Ogasawara gained a reputation for its unique natural beauty. As an ocean island with a subtropical climate, the island has maintained a unique and excellent natural environment, including topography, geology, animals, and plants. It was highly evaluated as a suitable natural park, and was designated as Ogasawara National Park in 1972 (Showa 47). The only transportation available is a regular ferry service between Takeshiba, Tokyo and Futami Port on Chichijima Island, but the area is gaining attention as a tourist destination (for swimming and fishing).

[Kikuchi Masao]

World Heritage Registration

Because the Ogasawara Islands have a unique biota, the Ogasawara Islands were registered as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2011 (Heisei 23).

[Editorial Department]

"Ogasawara Island as Told by History" by Okuma Ryoichi (1966, Ogasawara Association)" ▽ "Ogasawara - Living on an Isolated Island in the South Seas" by Inukai Motoyoshi and Fukumoto Ken (1969, NHK Publishing)" ▽ "The Nature of the Ogasawaras" edited by Tsuyama Takashi and Asami Shigeo (1970, Hirokawa Shoten)" ▽ "An Overview of the Ogasawara Islands" (1986, Ogasawara Village) ▽ "The Nature of the Ogasawaras" edited by the Ogasawara Natural Environment Research Group (1992, Kokin Shoin) ▽ "30 Years of Progress of the Ogasawara Branch Office" (1998, Ogasawara Branch Office) ▽ "Atlas of Ogasawara Plants" edited by Toyoda Takeshi, revised and expanded edition (2003, Abokkusha) ▽ "Field Guide to Ogasawara Plants 2" by the Ogasawara Wildlife Research Group (2008, Fudosha) ▽ Yoshikazu Shimizu, "Evolutionary Theory as Learned from the Ogasawara Islands" (2010, Gijutsu Hyoronsha) ▽ "Plants and Biodiversity of Islands in Tokyo - From the Izu Islands to the Ogasawara Islands" (2011), edited by the Botanical Society of Japan

Chichijima
Located in the Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 km south-southeast of Tokyo, this island is the largest of the Ogasawara Islands. It is part of Ogasawara National Park, and many tourists visit in search of the rich subtropical nature that cannot be seen on the mainland. The photo shows Ominato Beach in the southwest of the island, which is said to be the most beautiful beach in the Ogasawara Islands. Part of the Ogasawara Islands World Heritage Site (registered in 2011) Ogasawara Village, Tokyo ©Shogakukan ">

Chichijima

Fan Pond
Minamijima is an uninhabited island located southwest of Chichijima, and features a submerged karst topography that is rare worldwide. It is connected to the open ocean through a cave, and a beautiful sandy beach spreads across the depression. It is part of Ogasawara National Park. Part of the Ogasawara Islands, a World Heritage Site (registered in 2011). Ogasawara Village, Tokyo ©Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau ">

Fan Pond

Reef-building corals of the Ogasawara Islands
The Ogasawara Islands, located in the subtropical ocean, present a unique landscape with a large number of warm-water fish species .

Reef-building corals of the Ogasawara Islands

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

東京のほぼ南南東、約1000～1250キロメートルの太平洋上に散在する島嶼(とうしょ)。別称ボニン諸島Bonin Islandsは無人(ぶにん)島の転訛(てんか)語。東京都小笠原支庁小笠原村に属する。北緯27度45分から24度14分の間にほぼ南北に並ぶ小笠原群島、火山列島（硫黄列島(いおうれっとう)）を中心に、西之島、さらに沖ノ鳥島（日本最南端）、南鳥島を含む島々の総称。面積は小笠原群島に属する聟島列島(むこじまれっとう)6.5平方キロメートル、父島列島39平方キロメートル、母島列島27.3平方キロメートルで、火山列島は31.5平方キロメートル、その他を加えて合計104.41平方キロメートル、このうち父島は最大で周囲52キロメートル、面積23.80平方キロメートルである。

［菊池万雄］

自然

小笠原群島は、伊豆諸島の南南東、伊豆・小笠原海溝の西縁をなす小笠原海嶺(かいれい)の上にのる第三紀始新世に海底から噴出した30余の小島、岩礁からなる火山列島で、北から聟島列島、父島列島、母島列島と、父島の西方約130キロメートルにある孤島の西之島とからなっている。島は山がちで低平地に乏しく、高い海食崖(がい)に囲まれ、湾は多いが、良港には乏しい。小笠原群島の最高点は母島にある乳房山(ちぶさやま)の463メートル。わずかばかりの平地も主として島の山頂上や尾根にあることと、構成する岩石が透水性の大きい安山岩質集塊岩や溶岩、およびサンゴ石灰岩であるために農耕にはあまり適していない。

　気候は、亜熱帯海洋性で、冬の平均気温が17℃、夏の平均気温が27℃、年降水量は1600ミリメートル。大部分の島は森林に覆われており、ラテライト土壌（紅色土）が発達している。

　火山列島は硫黄列島ともよばれ、小笠原群島の南西約200キロメートルにある。地質構造上からは、小笠原群島よりも新しく第四紀に噴出した火山島で、その発見および領有の歴史も群島と相違している。また、沖ノ鳥島は楕円(だえん)形の環礁でほとんどが海面下にあり、南鳥島は正三角形の隆起サンゴ礁である。

［菊池万雄］

動物相

一般に島の生物相は大陸と比べると貧弱で、島が大きく高いほどそこで繁殖する種類数は多く、大陸から遠く離れるほど種類数は少ない。そして、島の歴史が古いほど、その地域にしか分布していない特産の生物が多い。島の環境に適応したそれらの特産種は高密度で生息する。日本本土の生物相自体、中国大陸と比較すれば非常に貧弱で、伊豆諸島、小笠原諸島と大陸、本島から離れるほど貧弱の度を増す。一方、特産種は多くなる。

　小笠原諸島に自然分布していた動物は、哺乳(ほにゅう)類では、飛翔(ひしょう)力のあるオガサワラオオコウモリPterops pselaphonただ1種である。飛翔力のある鳥類は、陸鳥類16種が分布し、繁殖した。そのなかで、特産の属に分化したメグロApalopteron familiare、オガサワラマシコChaunoproctus ferreorostrisのほか特産種はオガサワラカラスバトColumba versicolor、オガサワラガビチョウTurdus terrestrisの4種である。しかしメグロを除く3種はすでに絶滅した。また、ハシブトゴイNycticorax caledonicus、マミジロクイナPoliolimnas cinereusのほか、ノスリ、ハヤブサ、ウグイスなど計9種で特産亜種が認められているが、このうち前2種は絶滅した。海鳥にとって小笠原諸島はかっこうの繁殖地で、アホウドリ類3種をはじめ、ミズナギドリ、ウミツバメ、アジサシ類など合計14種の繁殖記録がある。海鳥のうち、クロウミツバメOceanodroma matsudairaeは硫黄列島だけで繁殖する。アホウドリPhoebastria albatrusは羽毛採取のため乱獲され、小笠原諸島から姿を消した。陸生爬虫(はちゅう)類は、オガサワラトカゲAblepharus boutoniiと、絶滅したオガサワラヤモリGehyra variegata2種であるが、特産ではない。海産爬虫類は、アオウミガメChelonia mydasが砂地海岸に産卵する。両生類、淡水魚類は1種も分布しない。陸産貝類は104種のうち98種が特産種である。また、昆虫類は1400種ほど記録され、その約3分の1が特産種である。海産動物は多いが、十分に調査されておらず、陸生無脊椎(むせきつい)動物についてもまだよくわかっていない。

　このようにどの動物群をとっても小笠原諸島特産種が多く、小笠原諸島は生物進化の実験場ともいえる地域である。学術的価値が高いため、これらの生物の多くは天然記念物に指定され保護されている。しかし、島の環境に適応した特産の生物は、環境の変化に脆弱(ぜいじゃく)で、人間が島々を開発、改変するようになって、多くの種が絶滅した。また人間は、ヤギ、ヒキガエル、アフリカマイマイ、ティラピアなどさまざまな動物を小笠原諸島に持ち込んだ。それらは島で増殖し、生物相を変えている。

［長谷川博］

植物相・植生

小笠原には在来の維管束植物（種子植物とシダ植物）が441種（固有率36.5％）あり、ガラパゴスの566種（固有率42.6％）に匹敵する。由来をみると、シマイスノキ、ムニンヒメツバキ、シマホルトノキなど東南アジアの照葉樹林の構成種（東南アジア要素）がもっとも多く、これにムニンフトモモ、ムニンビャクダンなど南方起源の植物（オセアニア要素）とナガバキブシ、チチジマキイチゴなど北方の日本本土の植物（日本本土要素）が混ざり合って独自の植物相を構成している。ブナ科のシイ・カシ類が不在であるのも特徴的である。

　小笠原を代表する森林のうち、湿性高木林は、比較的土壌の発達した立地に成立する樹高20メートルにおよぶ森林で、シマホルトノキ、ウドノキ、センダン、アカテツなどの巨木が樹冠を並べ、低木層にはモクタチバナが多い。オガサワラグワも重要な構成種であったが開拓初期の伐採で絶滅寸前に追いやられた。湿性高木林は、戦前にほとんどが畑に変えられてしまったので、現在は母島の桑ノ木山(くわのきやま)と石門(せきもん)にわずかに片鱗(へんりん)が見られるだけである。

　乾性低木林は、父島と兄島のやや乾燥した山地平坦面を中心に広がる樹高2～8メートルほどの低木林である。シマイスノキ、ムニンヒメツバキ、アデク、シマシャリンバイ、タコノキなどが主要な構成種となり、露出した岩盤の周辺では樹高0.5メートルほどの矮(わい)低木林になることもある。乾性低木林は小笠原の森林のなかでもっとも種多様性が高く、多くの固有種を含み（構成樹木の固有率は約70％）、構成種には稀産(きさん)種（日本版レッドデータブック記載種）となっているものも多い。また、トベラ属やムラサキシキブ属などでは生育環境に応じて、適応放散的に種分化した事例も見られる。

　もう一つ特筆すべき植生は、母島主稜線(りょうせん)部にある、湿度が高い雲霧帯的な環境にのみ成立するワダンノキ群落である。ワダンノキは小笠原固有属（1属1種）のキク科植物であり、草本の祖先が島内で木本に進化した事例（樹木化現象）とされる。

　以上のような自然林が破壊された跡地（第二次世界大戦前の畑地）には、戦後になってリュウキュウマツ（外来種）とムニンヒメツバキからなる広大な二次林が成立した。しかし、1980年代初めに本土から侵入したマツノザイセンチュウによる松枯れが発生し、マツ親木の大半が枯死した。

　小笠原ではリュウキュウマツのほかにも、アカギ、モクマオウ、ギンネムなどの外来種が広がって問題となっている。とくに東南アジア原産のアカギは、1983年（昭和58）の台風被害を契機に湿性高木林に一斉に侵入して在来種を駆逐しつつあるため、2002年（平成14）より駆除事業が行われている。

［清水善和］

歴史

1593年（文禄2）信州松本の城主小笠原貞頼(さだより)が発見し、島名もそれに由来すると伝えられるが、貞頼という名の人物は小笠原家の系図に見当たらず、信憑(しんぴょう)性に乏しい。国家として領有目的でこの地域を実地踏査した最初は、1675年（延宝3）の第一次江戸幕府巡見使の派遣である。19世紀になって、太平洋の捕鯨が盛んになり、各国の捕鯨船が水を求めて寄島し、そのなかには住み着く者もあった。1827年（文政10）イギリスの軍艦ブロッサム号が来島してイギリス領を宣言、1853年（嘉永6）アメリカのペリーが寄港してハワイからの移民を首長に任命するなどで、イギリス、アメリカ両国間で島の領有権紛争があった。1861年（文久1）幕府も第二次巡見使を派遣し、翌年八丈島からの移民を送るなどして管理機関も置いたが、開拓も中絶し領有問題は解決しなかった。

　その後、1876年（明治9）関係諸外国の承認を得て、初めて明確に日本の領有に帰し、1880年東京府の所属となり、1886年には小笠原島庁が父島に設けられた。イギリス系、アメリカ系、カナカ人の住民は1882年までに全部日本に帰化している。第二次世界大戦後は、対日平和条約に基づきアメリカ政府が立法、司法、行政上の権限を行使したが、1968年（昭和43）6月、小笠原の日本復帰に伴い東京都小笠原支庁小笠原村に帰属した。その際、西之島、火山列島、沖ノ鳥島、南鳥島を含めて小笠原諸島とし、旧小笠原諸島は小笠原群島と称することになった。

［菊池万雄］

産業

第二次世界大戦までもっとも重要な産業は水産業で、小笠原暖流の漁場に近く、父島の二見港には、内地からの漁船が集まり、マグロ、カツオ、クジラ漁とかつお節や、缶詰の加工が行われた。特殊なものとしては、サンゴ採取やアオウミガメ、タイマイの捕獲なども盛んであった。農業は土地狭小に加えて平地に乏しく、水利の便も悪かったが、亜熱帯の光と熱とに恵まれて、サトウキビの栽培と製糖業が盛んであった。返還後は糖価が下落したため、野菜や熱帯果実に転じ、内地ことに京浜地区の冬枯れ時に供給し、小笠原ものとして名声を博している。また、ここは亜熱帯気候の海洋島として、地形、地質、動物、植物など独特の優れた自然を維持しており、自然公園としてふさわしいものと高く評価され、1972年（昭和47）小笠原国立公園として指定された。交通は東京竹芝―父島二見港間に定期船が通じているのみであるが、観光地（海水浴や釣り）として注目されている。

［菊池万雄］

世界遺産の登録

小笠原諸島は独自の生物相を呈することから、2011年（平成23）、ユネスコ（国連教育科学文化機関）により「小笠原諸島」として世界遺産の自然遺産に登録された（世界自然遺産）。

［編集部］

『大熊良一著『歴史の語る小笠原島』（1966・小笠原協会）』▽『犬飼基義・福本健著『小笠原――南海の孤島に生きる』（1969・日本放送出版協会）』▽『津山尚・浅海重夫編『小笠原の自然』（1970・広川書店）』▽『『小笠原諸島の概要』（1986・小笠原村）』▽『小笠原自然環境研究会編『小笠原の自然』（1992・古今書院）』▽『『小笠原支庁30年のあゆみ』（1998・小笠原支庁）』▽『豊田武司編著『小笠原植物図譜』増補改訂版（2003・アボック社）』▽『小笠原野生生物研究会著『小笠原の植物フィールドガイド2』（2008・風土社）』▽『清水善和著『小笠原諸島に学ぶ進化論』（2010・技術評論社）』▽『社団法人日本植物学会編『東京都の島の植物と生物多様性――伊豆諸島から小笠原まで』（2011）』

[参照項目] | 硫黄島 | 小笠原（村） | 小笠原国立公園 | 沖ノ鳥島 | 外来生物 | 火山列島 | 固有種 | 父島 | 西之島 | 母島 | 南硫黄島 | 南鳥島 | レッド・データ・ブック

父島
東京の南南東、約1000kmの太平洋上に位置する小笠原諸島最大の島。小笠原国立公園に含まれ、本土では見ることができない亜熱帯の豊かな自然を求めて、多くの観光客が訪れる。写真は、島の南西部にある小港海岸で、小笠原諸島でもっとも美しい浜辺といわれている。世界自然遺産「小笠原諸島」の一部（2011年登録）　東京都小笠原村©Shogakukan">

父島

扇池
父島の南西沖に浮かぶ無人島、南島にある世界的に珍しい沈水カルスト地形。洞門を通じて外洋とつながり、窪地には美しい砂浜が広がる。小笠原国立公園に含まれる。世界自然遺産「小笠原諸島」の一部（2011年登録）　東京都小笠原村©公益財団法人東京観光財団">

扇池

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