September 30th Incident

In the early hours of October 1, 1965, a coup attempt was launched in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, by leftist forces calling themselves the "September 30 Movement" led by Lt. Colonel Untong. There are various interpretations of the nature of this incident, including (1) an internal conflict in the military, (2) an uprising by the Indonesian Communist Party, and (3) a preventive coup by the Communist Party against a military coup plot. However, along with the role of President Sukarno and its connection with China, the incident is full of mysteries. However, it is clear that the direct background of the incident was the tension between the Communist Party and the Army under the "Guided Democracy" system established in the late 1950s. The development of radical diplomacy, such as the West Irian Liberation Struggle and the Malaysia Crushing Struggle in the early 1960s, and the economic crisis, led to the Communist Party's advancement, but at the same time, the anti-Communist Army's sense of crisis grew. Although there was a sense of crisis that could break out at any moment, the two sides were only just barely able to maintain a balance under the charismatic authority of President Sukarno. The September 30th Movement itself was quickly suppressed, (1) the Indonesian Communist Party, which boasted 3 million members, the largest in the non-communist world, was thoroughly oppressed, (2) President Sukarno lost his greatest support and his authority was eroded, and (3) diplomatic relations with China were "frozen," leading to a rightward turn in Indonesian and international politics and a reorganization of the political map of Southeast Asia. On the other hand, General Suharto, who led the suppression of the incident while making use of anti-communist forces such as Islamic students, was promoted to acting president in 1967 and to president in 1968, and went on to establish a "new regime" based on the army as a powerful political force.

[Yoneji Kuroyanagi]

"The Truth Behind Sukarno's Final Days" by Omori Makoto (1967, Shinchosha)" ▽ "The Transformation of Indonesia: The Structure of Counter-Revolution" by D. Conde, translated by Kasahara Yoshio (1966, Kobundo)" ▽ "The Indonesian Revolution: Lessons Learned in Blood" translated and edited by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Indonesian Communist Party and the Japanese Committee for Asian and African People's Solidarity (1967, Toho Shoten)" ▽ "The Coup that Changed Asia: The Indonesian September 30th Incident and the Japanese Ambassador" by Taguchi Mitsuo (1984, Jiji Press)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1965年10月1日未明、インドネシアの首都ジャカルタでウントン中佐ら「9月30日運動」を自称する左派勢力が引き起こしたクーデター未遂事件。同事件の性格については、(1)軍の内紛説、(2)インドネシア共産党の蜂起(ほうき)説、(3)軍のクーデター計画に対する共産党の予防クーデター説、などの解釈があるが、スカルノ大統領の役割、中国との関連などとともに謎(なぞ)に満ちている。ただ、事件の直接的背景は、50年代後半に成立した「指導民主主義」体制下の共産党対陸軍の緊張関係にあったことは明らかである。60年代初頭の西イリアン解放闘争、マレーシア粉砕闘争などの急進外交の展開と危機的経済状況が共産党を躍進させた反面、反共派陸軍の危機感を募らせ、一触即発の危機をはらみながらも、スカルノ大統領のカリスマ的権威のもとで両者はからくも均衡を保っていたにすぎなかった。「九月三〇日運動」自体はたちまち鎮圧され、(1)非共産圏最大の300万党員を誇ったインドネシア共産党は徹底的に弾圧され、(2)最大の支持勢力を失ったスカルノ大統領も権威を失墜し、(3)中国との国交が「凍結」されるなど、インドネシア内外政治の右旋回が進行し、東南アジアの政治地図の再編をもたらすところとなった。他方、イスラム派学生など反共勢力を利用しつつ事件鎮圧を指揮したスハルト将軍は、67年には大統領代行、68年大統領に昇格、強大な政治勢力としての陸軍に立脚した「新体制」を樹立するに至った。

［黒柳米司］

『大森実著『スカルノ最後の真相』（1967・新潮社）』▽『D・コンデ著、笠原佳雄訳『インドネシアの変貌――反革命の構造』（1966・弘文堂）』▽『インドネシア共産党中央委政治局、アジア・アフリカ人民連帯日本委員会訳・編『インドネシア革命――血の教訓』（1967・東方書店）』▽『田口三夫著『アジアを変えたクーデター　インドネシア九・三〇事件と日本大使』（1984・時事通信社）』

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