…there are two patterns of bone development. In one, cartilage is formed first, which then ossifies into solid bone. Such bones are called cartilaginous or replacement bones. In the other, bones develop directly in the dermis beneath the skin. These bones are called dermal or membranous bones. In general, these two types of bones are mixed in the bodies of vertebrates. The bones that are homologous to the cartilaginous endoskeleton of cartilaginous fishes are ancient cartilaginous bones of origin, and most of the bones that are not homologous to them are secondary dermal bones. … From [Bones]…It is unclear how vertebrates came to have bones, but the oldest known vertebrates, the Paleozoic ostracods (horseshoal fishes) of the agnathomorpha, had a hard, bony exoskeleton called a dermal carapace. The dermal carapace was probably a defense against aquatic invertebrates at the time, and is thought to have formed in the dermis as an additional bone (dermal bone), as described later. However, this dermal carapace was not necessarily the same as the bones of modern vertebrates, and was often made of a bone-like tissue called aspidin. … *Some of the terminology that mentions "dermal bone" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…骨の個体発生には二つの様式があり,その一つはまず軟骨ができ,ついでそれが骨化して固い骨になるもので,こうした骨を軟骨性骨または置換骨という。もう一つは皮膚の下の真皮の中に直接に骨が発生するもので,この骨を皮骨または膜性骨dermal boneという。一般に脊椎動物の体にはこれら2種の骨が混じりあっていて,軟骨魚類のもつ軟骨性内骨格と相同の骨は由来の古い軟骨性骨であり,それらと相同でない骨の大半は二次的に現れた皮骨である。… 【骨】より…脊椎動物がどのようにして骨をもつに至ったかは不明であるが,化石として知られる最古の脊椎動物,すなわち無顎(むがく)類に属した古生代の甲皮類(カブトウオ類)は〈皮甲〉と呼ばれる堅固な骨性の外骨格を備えていた。皮甲はおそらく当時の水生無脊椎動物に対する防護物で,のちに述べるような〈付加骨(皮骨dermal bone)〉として真皮の中に形成されたものと考えられている。もっともこの皮甲は現在の脊椎動物がもつ骨と必ずしも同じものではなく,〈アスピディンaspidin〉と呼ばれる骨に類似の組織でできている場合が多かった。… ※「dermal bone」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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