One of the performing arts of the Middle Ages. It refers to the entertainment that aristocrats held at banquets after Sechie (seasonal festivals) and monks held at banquets after Buddhist ceremonies. The word Ennen is said to have originated from Kareiennen (longevity). The idea is that the entertainment will soothe the mind, pray for longevity, and ward off disasters. It was popular in temples, mainly in the Kinki region, from the end of the Heian period to the Muromachi period. Ennen is characterized by the appearance of young children, and also includes a variety of entertainments that flourished from ancient times to the Middle Ages, such as Sarugaku, Shirabyōshi, Bugaku, Furyū, Imayo, Roei, and Kota. However, there was no one entertainment called Ennen, and various entertainments were performed, so in the Kamakura period Ennen was also called Ran'yū. As ennen became popular, monks known as yuso (idol monks) who were skilled in performing arts appeared in temples. Famous ennen were at Todaiji Temple, Horyu-ji Temple, Onjo-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple, Tonomine (now Danzan Shrine), Nihei-ji Temple in Suo (Yamaguchi Prefecture), Chuson-ji Temple in Hiraizumi, Oshu, and Motsu-ji Temple. In Tonomine ennen, kaiko (opening), tsurane (also called renji), daifuryu (large open-mouthed), and kofuryu (small open-mouthed) performances were performed, and the daifuryu and kofuryu performances were reminiscent of the old Sarugaku Noh. During the Ennen period of Kofuku-ji Temple, pieces such as Yosegaku, Enbu, Bumoyooshi, Sengi, Hirou, Opening Ceremony, Iharai, Aigake, Renji, Itoyori, Yuso, Furyu, Airanbyoshi, Higakari, Shirabyoshi, Toben, Hashiri, and Chirigaku were performed. At the Ennen of Chusonji and Motsuji, pieces such as Yobitate, Dengakuodori, Romai, Notto, Old Woman, Young Woman, Child Dance, Kyodenmai, "Ennen", and Bugaku are still performed today. Among these pieces, the Old Woman, Young Woman, and Kyodenmai are reminiscent of old Sarugaku, and the four pieces called "Ennen", Tometori, Sotoba Komachi, Ominameshi, and Obasuteyama, are structured in a way that recalls the period just before the completion of today's Noh. In the narrower sense of "Ennen" within Ennen, old Noh just before the completion of Noh is performed, and we can see the process by which Noh developed from Ennen. Ennen is a hotbed of Japanese performing arts and has great cultural historical significance. Among the existing Ennen festivals are those held at Motsu-ji Temple (January 20th) and Chuson-ji Temple (May 4th) in Hiraizumi town, Nishiiwai county, Iwate prefecture. Others include Rinno-ji Temple in Nikko city, Tochigi prefecture (May 17th), Nagataki Ennen in Shirotori town, Gujo city, Gifu prefecture (January 6th), and the Renge-e Mai festival at Oki Kokubunji temple (Okinoshima town), Shimane prefecture (April 21st), which still convey vestiges of the past today. [Kyoko Goto] "A Study of the Origins of Nohgaku" by Nose Tomotsugu (First edition 1938/Reprint 1979, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Ennen Shiryo and Others" by Honda Yasuji (1948, Nohgaku Shorin) ▽ "Study of the History of Performing Arts in the Middle Ages" by Hayashiya Tatsusaburo (1960, Iwanami Shoten)" [References] | | | | | |The ennen of young children after Emperor Goshirakawa dedicated the sutra of Nyoho. A copy of the Illustrated Biography of Honen Shonin, held at the National Diet Library . Longevity as seen in the Illustrated Biography of Honen Shonin The photo shows a children's dance. Nationally designated important intangible folk cultural property Hiraizumi Town, Nishiiwai District, Iwate Prefecture © Iwate Prefecture Tourism Association . Motsuji Temple Ennen Dance The photo shows the "Sleeping Buddha" dance. Nationally designated Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property Okinoshima Town, Oki District, Shimane Prefecture © Shimane Tourism Federation Oki Kokubunji Renge-e Dance Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中世芸能の一つ。貴族たちが節会(せちえ)のあとで行った遊宴の際の芸能や僧侶(そうりょ)たちが法会のあとで行った遊宴の際の芸能をいう。延年の語は遐齢延年(かれいえんねん)(長寿の意)から出たという。芸能によって心を和やかにし、寿福を祈り、災(わざわ)いを除くということである。平安時代末から室町時代にかけ、近畿を中心とした寺院で盛んに行われた。延年には稚児(ちご)が出るのが特色であり、それに猿楽(さるがく)、白拍子(しらびょうし)、舞楽(ぶがく)、風流(ふりゅう)、今様(いまよう)、朗詠(ろうえい)、小歌(こうた)など上代から中世に栄えた雑多な芸能が加わっていた。しかし、延年というまとまった芸能はなく、各種多様な芸能が行われていたので、鎌倉時代には延年を乱遊ともいった。延年の流行とともに、寺院においては遊僧(ゆそう)とよばれる芸能に巧みな僧が生まれた。東大寺、法隆寺、園城寺(おんじょうじ)、興福寺、多武峯(とうのみね)(現、談山(だんざん)神社)、周防(すおう)(山口県)仁平寺(にんぺいじ)、奥州平泉の中尊寺、同毛越寺(もうつうじ)などの延年が有名であった。多武峯延年には開口(かいこう)、連事(つらね)(「れんじ」とも)、大(だい)風流、小(こ)風流などが行われており、大風流、小風流には古い猿楽能を彷彿(ほうふつ)させるものがあった。興福寺延年には寄楽(よせがく)、振舞(えんぶ)、舞催(ぶもよおし)、僉議(せんぎ)、披露(ひろう)、開口、射払(いはらい)、間駈(あいがけ)、連事、糸綸(いとより)、遊僧、風流、相乱拍子(あいらんびょうし)、火掛(ひがかり)、白拍子、当弁(とうべん)、走(はしり)、散楽(ちりがく)などの曲が行われていた。中尊寺や毛越寺の延年では呼立(よびたて)、田楽踊(でんがくおどり)、路舞(ろまい)、祝詞(のっと)、老女、若女、児舞(ちごまい)、京殿舞(きょうでんまい)、「延年」、舞楽などという曲が今日も行われているが、その曲目中、老女、若女、京殿舞は古い猿楽を想像させるし、「延年」とよんでいる留鳥(とめとり)、卒都婆小町(そとばこまち)、女郎花(おみなめし)、伯母捨山(おばすてやま)の四番の古能の構成は、今日の能が完成する直前を思わせるものである。延年のなかのさらに狭義の「延年」として、能完成直前の古い能が行われているところに、延年のなかから能が発展していった過程を知ることができる。延年は日本芸能を育てた温床の場としてその文化史的意義は大きい。 現存する延年には、岩手県西磐井(にしいわい)郡平泉町の毛越寺(1月20日)、同中尊寺(5月4日)のほかに、栃木県日光市の輪王寺(りんのうじ)(5月17日)、岐阜県郡上(ぐじょう)市白鳥(しろとり)町の長滝(ながたき)延年(1月6日)、島根県隠岐(おき)国分寺(隠岐の島町)の蓮華会舞(れんげえまい)(4月21日)などがあり、現在もなお昔のおもかげを伝えている。 [後藤 淑] 『能勢朝次著『能楽源流考』(初版・1938/再版・1979・岩波書店)』▽『本田安次著『延年資料その他』(1948・能楽書林)』▽『林屋辰三郎著『中世芸能史の研究』(1960・岩波書店)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |後白河院の如法経奉納のあとの稚児延年。『法然上人絵伝』 写国立国会図書館所蔵"> 『法然上人絵伝』にみる延年 写真は稚児舞。国指定重要無形民俗文化財 岩手県西磐井郡平泉町©公益財団法人岩手県観光協会"> 毛越寺延年の舞 写真は『眠り仏』の舞。国指定重要無形民俗文化財 島根県隠岐郡隠岐の島町©公益社団法人島根県観光連盟"> 隠岐国分寺蓮華会舞 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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