Taxation of a certain amount of income was widely implemented by the church in feudal society in Western Europe. It was originally a voluntary practice among Christians, but became obligatory around the 4th century. Later, Charlemagne made tithes a civil law rule by decree as compensation for the church property that Charles Martel and himself had collected. Taxes were imposed on all incomes, including land products such as grain, hay, and vegetables, as well as livestock, eggs, milk, butter, flour, wine, honey, and labor wages. The tax was collected by bishops and abbots, and the parish priest was responsible for collection, and part of the income was used for the annual income of the clergy. It was not literally a 1/10 tax rate, but in France it only amounted to 1/14 or 1/15 of income. Nevertheless, it became unpopular among the people in the 18th century, and was often a source of complaints and disputes, leading to its abolition with the outbreak of the French Revolution. [Inoue Yasuo] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
西欧封建社会で広く教会によって実施された収益一定分の課税。初めはキリスト教徒の自発的慣行であったが、4世紀ごろから義務的になっていった。その後、カール大帝は勅令によって、カール・マルテルと彼自身が公収した教会財産の補償として、十分の一税を教会法から市民法上の規則とした。課税対象は、穀物、干し草、野菜などの土地生産物のほかに、家畜、卵、牛乳、バター、麦粉、ぶどう酒、蜂蜜(はちみつ)、それに労賃などあらゆる収益に及んだ。徴税権者は司教や修道院長で、小教区の主任司祭が徴収責任者となり、その収益の一部は聖職者の年収にあてられた。文字どおり10分の1の税率であったわけではなく、フランスでは、収入の14分の1か15分の1の割合にしか達しなかった。それでも18世紀には民衆の間で不評判となり、しばしば苦情や係争の種となり、フランス革命の勃発(ぼっぱつ)とともに廃止されるに至った。 [井上泰男] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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