Inflammation

Japanese: 炎症 - えんしょう
Inflammation

This is a lesion that has been attracting attention since the time of ancient Greek medicine, and the word is derived from the concept of "burning." In fact, the main symptoms are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and functional impairment. It is customary to add the character for "flame" to the name of an organ or tissue, and to add the suffix -itis in Latin or Greek (e.g., nephritis, hepatitis). Inflammation is defined as an expression of the body's response to some kind of change in the cells or tissues of the body, that is, an invasion that causes damage. Specifically, the word inflammation is used to collectively refer to passive changes in localized cell tissues, circulatory disorders, especially exudation, which refers to the abnormal release of plasma and blood cells from blood vessels, and cell proliferation in that area. In particular, inflammations with a marked tendency to exude are categorized as exudative inflammations, inflammations that contain a lot of fibrin in the exudate are called fibrositis, and inflammations that contain a lot of white blood cells are called suppurative inflammations. In addition, the proliferation of cells in the inflammatory site is characterized by proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells, excluding lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells, and is recognized macroscopically as nodular lesions, i.e., granulomatous inflammations. This includes tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy. Granulomatous inflammation has traditionally been called specific inflammations, since it is a specific lesion formed by pathogenic bacteria. Granulomatous inflammation, in principle, begins with exudation, and over time, granulomas are formed due to proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells, and it shows complex changes depending on the combination of the quality and quantity of the etiology, as well as individual and local conditions.

[Yutaka Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代ギリシア医学の時代から注目されていた病変で、「燃える」という概念のことばが用いられ、実際には発赤(ほっせき)、腫脹(しゅちょう)、熱感、疼痛(とうつう)、機能障害がおもな徴候とされている。臓器または組織名に「炎」という字をつけ、ラテン語またはギリシア語では-itisという接尾語をつけるのが習慣である(腎炎(じんえん)nephritis、肝炎hepatitisなど)。炎症の定義としては、生体の細胞、組織になんらかの変化、すなわち損傷をもたらす侵襲に対する生体の応答(反応)の表現である、とされている。具体的には局所の細胞組織の受け身の変化と、循環障害、ことに血管内の血漿(けっしょう)や血球がその場に異常に出る現象を意味する滲出(しんしゅつ)、およびその部の細胞増殖を総合して、炎症の語が使われる。とくに滲出傾向の著明なものを滲出性炎と一括し、滲出したものの中に線維素を多く含んでいるものを線維素性炎、白血球を多く含んでいるものを化膿性(かのうせい)炎とよぶなど、種々の型に分類されている。また炎症の場における細胞増殖としては、リンパ球、単球、形質細胞などを除けば、細網内皮系(網内系)細胞の増殖が特徴であり、肉眼的には結節状の病変、すなわち肉芽腫として認められるので、肉芽腫性炎とよばれる。これには結核症、梅毒、ハンセン病などが含まれている。また肉芽腫性炎は、従来から、病原菌により特殊病巣を形成するとの意味から、特殊性(特異性)炎とよばれる習慣があった。肉芽腫性炎といっても原則としては滲出から始まるもので、時間の経過とともに網内系細胞の増殖による肉芽腫を形成するわけで、病因の質、量および個体、局所の条件などの組合せによって複雑な変化を呈する。

[渡辺 裕]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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