An agent added to gasoline to prevent the knocking phenomenon that occurs in gasoline engines (spark ignition engines) and to improve the octane rating of gasoline. In order to increase the thermal efficiency of gasoline engines and improve performance, a method is used to increase the compression ratio, but a high compression ratio is prone to abnormal combustion called knocking, which not only results in a decrease in power output but also causes the engine to vibrate violently and overheat, resulting in damage. For this reason, gasoline needs to have anti-knock properties, that is, properties that make it difficult for knocking to occur, and the octane rating is a numerical value that quantitatively represents this measure. Adding a small amount of anti-knock agent (maximum of about 0.8% by volume) has the effect of significantly increasing the octane rating of gasoline. In the past, the most widely used antiknock additive was tetraethyl lead Pb(C 2 H 5 ) 4 (boiling point 200°C), discovered by T. Midgeley (1889-1944) in 1921. In recent years, however, as reformulated gasoline with a relatively low boiling point fraction and low octane number has become the norm, tetramethyl lead Pb(CH 3 ) 4 (boiling point 110°C) has come to be used more frequently, as well as mixed alkyl lead, in which methyl and ethyl groups have been partially substituted. These alkyl lead compounds inactivate intermediate oxides produced during the combustion of hydrocarbons, and break the chain reaction of abnormal combustion. These lead compounds are highly toxic, and leaded gasoline is colored orange (for automobiles), green, purple (for aircraft), etc. with dyes to indicate its toxicity. However, in recent years, due to the harmfulness of lead compounds in automobile exhaust, especially their poisoning of exhaust purification catalysts, gasoline has been shifting worldwide to low-lead or unleaded gasoline, and in Japan, regular-grade gasoline is already unleaded. [Hara Nobuyoshi] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ガソリンエンジン(火花点火機関)で発生するノッキング現象を防止し、ガソリンのオクタン価を向上させる目的でガソリンに添加される薬剤。ガソリンエンジンの熱効率をあげ、性能を高めるためには、圧縮比を高くする方法がとられるが、高圧縮比ではノッキングとよぶ異常燃焼をおこしやすく、この結果かえって出力が低下するばかりでなく、エンジンは激しい振動や過熱をおこし、損傷の原因となる。このためガソリンはアンチノック性、すなわちノッキングをおこしにくい性質が必要で、この尺度を数量的に表す数値がオクタン価である。アンチノック剤は微量(最高約0.8容量%)の添加で、ガソリンのオクタン価を著しく上昇させる効果がある。従来アンチノック剤としてもっぱら使用されてきたのは、1921年ミジェリーT. Midgeley(1889―1944)によって発見されたテトラエチル鉛Pb(C2H5)4(沸点200℃)であるが、近年、比較的低沸点留分のオクタン価が低い改質ガソリンが主体となるにしたがい、テトラメチル鉛Pb(CH3)4(沸点110℃)が多く用いられ、またメチル基とエチル基が一部置換した混合アルキル鉛も用いられるようになった。これらのアルキル鉛は、炭化水素の燃焼に際して生成する中間酸化物を不活性化し、異常燃焼の連鎖反応を断ち切る作用をする。これらの鉛化合物は猛毒性物質であり、加鉛ガソリンは、染料によってオレンジ(自動車用)、緑、紫(航空機用)などに着色され、毒性を表示している。しかし近年、自動車排気中の鉛化合物の有害性、とくに排気浄化触媒を被毒することから、世界的にガソリンの低鉛化ないし無鉛化が進んでおり、日本では並級ガソリンはすでに無鉛化されている。 [原 伸宜] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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