Basic dyes

Japanese: 塩基性染料 - えんきせいせんりょう(英語表記)basic dyes
Basic dyes

Water-soluble dyes that do not contain acidic groups. They have amine salts, quaternary ammonium groups, or carbonium ions. They can be used to dye animal fibers such as silk and wool, and nylon, directly from an acetic acid-based dye bath. Some dye acetate fibers can also be used. They have no affinity for cellulose, but cellulose can be dyed if the fiber is first treated with tannin.

The types of chemical structures are wide-ranging, including azo dyes, diphenyl and triphenylmethane dyes, azine dyes, oxazine dyes, and thiazine dyes. All dyes synthesized in the early days were basic dyes. Although they have the advantages of vivid color tones and strong tinting power, they generally have the disadvantages of being weak against alkali, sunlight, and washing, so they are often used for special purposes. In addition to being used to color miscellaneous goods, ink, paper, and leather, many are also used for dyeing live animals and as various indicators. Interestingly, many dyes on acrylic fibers have significantly better lightfastness than those on animal fibers or nylon. Dyes with good lightfastness for acrylic fibers were also developed, and vivid colors became popular. Basic dyes for acrylic fibers are called cationic dyes to distinguish them from classical basic dyes. Structurally, they are azo dyes or anthraquinone dyes with quaternary ammonium groups, or some cyanine dyes. Today, basic dyes for fibers are mainly cationic dyes for acrylic fibers.

Basic dyes have a long history, and more than 100 types are known across all shades. Auramine, fuchsine, methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet are some of the dyes that have been known for a long time.

[Tobita Mitsuhiko]

[Reference item] | Dyes
Main basic dyes
©Shogakukan ">

Main basic dyes


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

酸性基を含まない水溶性染料。アミン塩、第四アンモニウム基、あるいはカルボニウムイオンをもつ。酢酸酸性の染浴から絹、羊毛などの動物繊維やナイロンに直接に染まる。アセテート繊維に染まるものもある。セルロースには親和性をもたないが、あらかじめタンニンで繊維を処理しておけば、セルロースも染めることができる。

 化学構造の種類は広範囲にわたっており、アゾ染料、ジフェニルおよびトリフェニルメタン染料、アジン染料、オキサジン染料、チアジン染料などがある。初期に合成された染料はすべて塩基性染料であった。色調が鮮明で着色力が大きい利点をもつ反面、一般にアルカリ、日光、洗濯に対して弱い欠点をもつので、特殊な目的に用いることが多い。雑貨、インキ、紙、皮革の着色に用いられるほか、生体染色や各種指示薬に利用されるものも多い。興味深いことに、アクリル繊維上においては、動物繊維やナイロン上よりも著しく耐光性が向上するものが多い。アクリル繊維用の耐光堅牢(けんろう)度の良好なものも開発され、鮮明色が流行した。アクリル繊維用塩基性染料を、古典的な塩基性染料と区別するためにカチオン染料とよんでいる。構造的には、第四アンモニウム基をもつアゾ染料あるいはアントラキノン染料か、一部のシアニン染料である。今日では繊維用塩基性染料はアクリル繊維用のカチオン染料が主体である。

 塩基性染料は歴史的にも古く、すべての色調にわたって100種類以上のものが知られている。オーラミン、フクシン、メチレンブルー、マラカイトグリーン、クリスタルバイオレットなどは、古くから知られている染料である。

[飛田満彦]

[参照項目] | 染料
おもな塩基性染料
©Shogakukan">

おもな塩基性染料


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