Basic rock - Basic rock

Japanese: 塩基性岩 - えんきせいがん(英語表記)basic rock
Basic rock - Basic rock

When igneous rocks are classified based on their chemical composition, basic rocks refer to those in which the content of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 , silica, silicic acid) is around 50% of the composition. The chemical composition of igneous rocks is generally expressed in terms of the weight percentage of oxides of metallic elements. In this case, the percentage of silicon dioxide is usually the highest, ranging from about 40 to 80%. Therefore, igneous rocks that have a lower silicon dioxide content of around 50% (45 to 52%) than neutral rocks (52 to 66%) and acidic rocks (66% or more) are called basic rocks in terms of their chemical composition. These include basalt, dolerite (coarse-grained basalt), and gabbro. There is a loose regularity in the chemical composition of igneous rocks, and if basic rocks are defined by the percentage of silicon dioxide, the amounts of other components are roughly limited accordingly. Basic rocks are poor in alumina Al2O3 and alkalis ( Na2O and K2O ), and rich in iron (FeO and Fe2O3 ) and magnesium oxide MgO (magnesia). For this reason, basic rocks are sometimes called mafic rocks or ferromagnesian rocks, but the two are not strictly synonymous because they have different definitions. Mafic rocks are classified by the volume percentage of colored minerals, while basic rocks are classified by the weight percentage of silicon dioxide. Magnesium and magnesia refer to magnesium oxide. Green schist and amphibolite derived from basic rocks are also sometimes called basic metamorphic rocks due to their chemical characteristics. Note that the term "basic" here has nothing to do with the usage of acids and bases in chemistry.

[Mitsuo Hashimoto and Akihiro Murata, February 17, 2015]

Ultrabasic rock

This refers to rocks that contain even less silicon dioxide than basic rocks, at 45% or less. Usually, these rocks contain little or no quartz or plagioclase, and are composed mainly of one or more colored minerals such as olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and hornblende, but some contain large amounts of biotite and phlogopite. Most ultramafic rocks are ultramafic rocks, but some, such as nephelinite, are not ultramafic rocks because they contain little colored minerals despite containing only about 35% silicon dioxide. Ultramafic rocks are rocks that contain more than 70% colored minerals, such as silicates of magnesium and iron.

Peridotite is generally a rock that is mainly composed of olivine and contains pyroxene. Peridotite can be further classified into dunite, pyroxenite, and hornblendite. Peridotite can be classified into harzburgite, which is rich in olivine and orthopyroxene, lherzolite, which is more than 40% olivine and contains both orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, and wehrlite, which is rich in olivine and clinopyroxene. Kimberlite, the host rock of diamond, is a type of ultramafic rock rich in alkali.

Ultrabasic rocks usually have a specific gravity of about 3.2 to 3.5, making them very heavy and hard. They are often dark black or dark green, but serpentine, which is olivine that has been altered and turned into serpentine, can be green, light green, light yellow, or even very low in specific gravity, below 3.0. Serpentine can cause landslides and collapses. Some ultrabasic rocks contain a lot of useful metal elements such as nickel and chromium, and can be used for work. In terms of genesis, minerals that crystallize from basaltic magma accumulate at the bottom of the rock body to form layered differentiated rocks, which often form ultrabasic rocks and metal deposits. Ultrabasic magma also existed in the Precambrian era, and lava formed from it is called komatiite. The mantle inside the Earth is mainly made of ultrabasic rocks. Ultrabasic rocks such as olivine and serpentine look beautiful when polished, and are used for decoration. Representative examples of this use include the mottled stone of Hitachiota City, Ibaraki Prefecture, the Kunigami stone of the Chichibu region of Saitama Prefecture, and the Chikuyo stone of Ogawacho and Matsubasecho in Uki City, Kumamoto Prefecture.

[Toshihiko Yajima and Akihiro Murata, February 17, 2015]

[References] | Amphibole | Igneous rock| Olivine | Pyroxene | Kimberlite |Mafic rock | Basalt |Magnesium oxide | Acid rock|Serpentinite | Saccharm | Intermediate rock | Silica | Gabbro | Greenschist
basalt
Produced in Lake Motosu, Shizuoka Prefecture ©Shogakukan

basalt

Gabbro
Made in Muroto Cape, Muroto City, Kochi Prefecture ©Shogakukan

Gabbro

Peridot
Produced in Urakawa-cho, Urakawa-gun, Hokkaido ©Shogakukan ">

Peridot


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

火成岩を化学組成に基づいて分類したとき、二酸化ケイ素SiO2(シリカ、ケイ酸)の含有量が組成の50%前後を占める火成岩をさす。火成岩の化学組成は一般に金属元素の酸化物の重量%をもって表す習慣になっている。この場合、二酸化ケイ素の%がもっとも高くなるのが普通で、それは約40~80%に及ぶ。そこで、中性岩(52~66%)、酸性岩(66%以上)に比べて二酸化ケイ素の含有量が少なく50%前後(45~52%)を示す火成岩を化学組成の面から塩基性岩とよぶ。これには玄武岩、ドレライト(粗粒玄武岩)や斑糲(はんれい)岩が含まれる。火成岩の化学組成には緩い規則性があり、二酸化ケイ素の百分比で塩基性岩を定義すれば、それに伴って他の成分の量もほぼ限定される。塩基性岩ではアルミナAl2O3やアルカリ(Na2OとK2O)が乏しく、鉄(FeOとFe2O3)や酸化マグネシウムMgO(マグネシア)が多い。そこで、塩基性岩を苦鉄質岩あるいは鉄苦土質岩ということもあるが、両者は定義が異なるため厳密には同義ではない。苦鉄質岩は有色鉱物の体積%による分類の用語であり、塩基性岩は二酸化ケイ素の重量%による分類の用語である。苦や苦土は酸化マグネシウムのことである。また、塩基性岩から導かれた緑色片岩や、角閃(かくせん)岩なども、化学的特徴から塩基性変成岩とよばれることがある。なお、ここでいう塩基性とは、化学における酸や塩基などという用法とは関係がない。

[橋本光男・村田明広 2015年2月17日]

超塩基性岩ultrabasic rock

塩基性岩と比べて、さらに二酸化ケイ素の成分が45%以下と少ない岩石をいう。通常はこの岩石は石英や斜長石をほとんど含まないか、まったく含まず、橄欖(かんらん)石、単斜輝clinopyroxene、斜方輝石orthopyroxene、普通角閃石などの有色鉱物の一つ以上を主要構成鉱物とするが、黒雲母(くろうんも)、金雲母などを多量に含むものもある。超塩基性岩の多くは超苦鉄質岩ultramafic rock(超マフィック岩)であるが、霞岩(かすみがん)nepheliniteのように二酸化ケイ素の含有量が35%程度であるにもかかわらず、有色鉱物の含有が少ないため、超苦鉄質岩でないものがある。この超苦鉄質岩は、マグネシウムや鉄のケイ酸塩である有色鉱物が70%以上である岩石をさす。

 おもに橄欖石からなり輝石などを伴う岩石を一般的に橄欖岩(ペリドタイトperidotite)とよぶ。橄欖岩をより細かく分類する場合は、主として橄欖石からなるものをダナイトdunite(ダン橄欖岩)、輝石からなるものを輝岩pyroxenite、角閃石からなるものを角閃石岩hornblenditeとよぶ。また、橄欖岩には橄欖石と斜方輝石に富むハルツバージャイトharzburgite、橄欖石が40%以上で斜方輝石と単斜輝石の両方が伴われるレールゾライトlherzolite、橄欖石と単斜輝石に富むウェールライトwehrliteなどがある。ダイヤモンドの母岩であるキンバーライトkimberlite(キンバレー岩)は、アルカリに富む超塩基性岩の一種である。

 超塩基性岩は通常比重が3.2~3.5程度あって、たいへん重くかつ硬い。暗黒色ないし暗緑色のことが多いが、橄欖石が変質し蛇紋石化した蛇紋岩などでは緑色、淡緑色、淡黄色などさまざまなものがあり、比重も3.0以下のかなり低いものまである。蛇紋岩は地すべりや山崩れの誘因となることがある。この超塩基性岩にはニッケル、クロムなどの有用金属元素を多く含むものがあって稼行の対象となることがある。成因的には玄武岩質マグマから晶出した鉱物が岩体の下部に集積して層状分化岩体をつくり、超塩基性岩類や金属鉱床をつくることが多い。超塩基性のマグマも先カンブリア時代には存在しており、これからできた溶岩をコマチアイトkomatiiteとよぶ。また、地球内部のマントルは主として超塩基性岩類からできている。橄欖岩や蛇紋岩などの超塩基性岩は磨くと美しく、装飾に用いられる。その用途とされる代表例として茨城県常陸太田(ひたちおおた)市の斑(まだら)石、埼玉県秩父(ちちぶ)地方の国神(くにがみ)石、熊本県宇城(うき)市小川町と同市松橋(まつばせ)町の竹葉(ちくよう)石などがある。

[矢島敏彦・村田明広 2015年2月17日]

[参照項目] | 角閃岩 | 火成岩 | 橄欖石 | 輝石 | キンバレー岩 | 苦鉄質岩 | 玄武岩 | 酸化マグネシウム | 酸性岩 | 蛇紋岩 | 竹葉石 | 中性岩 | 二酸化ケイ素 | 斑糲岩 | 緑色片岩
玄武岩
静岡県 本栖湖産©Shogakukan">

玄武岩

斑糲岩
高知県室戸市 室戸岬産©Shogakukan">

斑糲岩

橄欖岩
北海道浦河郡浦河町産©Shogakukan">

橄欖岩


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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