El Niño - El Niño (English spelling)

Japanese: エルニーニョ - えるにーにょ(英語表記)El Niño
El Niño - El Niño (English spelling)

A marine phenomenon that occurs once every few years off the coast of Peru and Ecuador in South America, where tropical warm water rushes in. The cold Peru Current (Humboldt Current) flows north from the Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean) in this area, and the water temperature is low due to the cold upwelling current near the shore. El Niño occurs when warm water from the equatorial countercurrent rushes in here. Once this occurs, abnormally hot water spreads in the ocean, and meteorologically, it brings heavy rain and floods to the inland of Peru, which is very close to the coast. Because the ocean conditions change completely, the amount of fish and plankton, especially anchovies, decreases dramatically, and birds that feed on them die or fly away. This is a major marine disaster for Peru, one of the world's leading fishing countries. Since this phenomenon often occurs around Christmas, it has long been called El Niño (which means Christ Child in Spanish and English in English) by the locals.

Recent research has revealed that El Niño is not a local phenomenon occurring off the coast of Peru, but is closely linked to ocean and atmospheric circulation throughout the Pacific Ocean. In other words, when the westerly trade winds are strong, equatorial waters are blown toward the western Pacific Ocean and remain there. However, when the trade winds weaken, this warm surface water is pushed back toward the eastern Pacific Ocean (mean seawater temperature rises by 2-3°C), resulting in El Niño. In addition, computer simulations have now made it possible to use simple ocean models to qualitatively predict (about six months in advance) the occurrence of El Niño, if the actual time fluctuations of the trade winds in the atmosphere are given.

Notable El Niño events in recent years occurred in the 1980s, from 1982 to 1983 and from 1986 to 1987. In the summers of 1983 and 1987, the El Niño years, the Pacific high pressure system did not extend far enough around Japan, resulting in cold, unseasonable summers. However, in the 1990s, unlike the 1980s, small-scale El Niño events have begun to occur for a short period every year. Until the 1980s, it was said that Japan was prone to warm winters in El Niño years, but in the 1990s, there were many years when the winter weather was warm even without El Niño, and the relationship between El Niño and winter weather in mid-latitude regions, including Japan, is an important research topic for the future.

[Masao Hanzawa and Kanzaburo Kishimoto]

[References] | Marine disasters | Peruvian current | La Niña phenomenon
How El Niño occurs
©Shogakukan ">

How El Niño occurs


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南アメリカのペルー、エクアドル沖で数年に一度、熱帯系の温暖水が突入する海洋の現象。この海域は南大洋(南極海)から北上する寒流のペルー海流(フンボルト海流)が流れており、また岸近くの冷たい湧昇(ゆうしょう)流もあって水温は低い。ここに赤道反流系の温暖水が突入するのがエルニーニョである。これが一度おこると、海洋的には異常高温水が広がり、気象的には海岸にごく近いペルー内陸部に豪雨、洪水をもたらす。海況がまったく変わるため、魚類、プランクトン、とくにカタクチイワシ(アンチョビー)の量が激減し、それを餌(えさ)にする鳥類も死ぬか飛び去ってしまう。世界有数の水産国ペルーにとって大きな海洋災害である。この現象はクリスマスのころにおこることが多いところから、現地では昔からエルニーニョ(スペイン語で幼児、英語でChrist Childの意)とよばれていた。

 最近の研究では、エルニーニョは現象的にはペルー沖の局所的なものでなく、太平洋全域の海洋、大気の循環に密接に結び付いていることが明らかになってきた。すなわち、西向きの貿易風が強いとき、赤道水は西太平洋のほうに吹き寄せられ、そこに滞留する。しかし貿易風の風速が弱まると、この暖かい表層水は東太平洋のほうに押し戻され(平均海水温2~3℃上昇)、その結果エルニーニョがおこる。また現在では、コンピュータを使ったシミュレーションなどによって、実際の大気での貿易風の時間変動を与えれば、簡単な海洋モデルを用いてエルニーニョの生成に関する定性的予測(半年くらい先)も可能となった。

 近年における顕著なエルニーニョは、1980年代には82~83年、86~87年におきた。83年、87年のエルニーニョ年の夏の日本付近では太平洋高気圧の張り出しが弱く、気温の低い不順な夏であった。ところが90年代になると、80年代と違って小規模なエルニーニョが毎年短期間発生するようになった。80年代までは、エルニーニョの年には日本は暖冬になりやすいといわれたが、90年代には冬の天候はエルニーニョでなくても暖冬の年も多く、日本を含めた中緯度地域の冬の天候とエルニーニョの関係は、今後の重要な研究課題となっている。

[半澤正男・岸保勘三郎]

[参照項目] | 海洋災害 | ペルー海流 | ラニーニャ現象
エルニーニョ発生の仕組み
©Shogakukan">

エルニーニョ発生の仕組み


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