Personal status litigation - Jinjisosho

Japanese: 人事訴訟 - じんじそしょう
Personal status litigation - Jinjisosho

Among civil lawsuits, this refers to lawsuits aimed at confirming or forming personal status in order to resolve disputes over personal status regulated by the Civil Code's Family Law. These litigation procedures are regulated by the Personal Status Litigation Act (Act No. 109 of 2003), which is a special law of the Civil Procedure Code.

The current law, which replaced the old Personal Status Litigation Procedure Law (Law No. 13 of 1898), has streamlined procedures, including changing the jurisdiction of the first instance of personal status litigation from district courts to family courts and allowing participants to be involved in hearings.

Personal status litigation (lawsuits concerning personal status) refers to suits for the invalidation and annulment of marriage, divorce suits, suits for the invalidation and annulment of divorce by agreement, suits for confirmation of the existence of a marital relationship (Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Personal Status Litigation Act), suits to deny legitimacy, suits for recognition of paternity, suits for the invalidation and annulment of recognition of paternity, suits to determine paternity, suits for the confirmation of the existence of a biological parent-child relationship (Article 2, paragraph 2 of the same Act), suits for the invalidation and annulment of adoption, suits for divorce, suits for the invalidation and annulment of divorce by agreement, and suits for confirmation of the existence of an adoptive parent-child relationship (Article 2, paragraph 3 of the same Act).

Since these lawsuits are also civil lawsuits, the existence of opposing parties is necessary, the proceedings begin when the plaintiff files a lawsuit, and the hearing is limited to the scope of the matter in question. However, personal status lawsuits have various characteristics. For example, in ordinary civil lawsuits, it is rare for the persons who should be parties (those with standing to be parties) to be specified by law, but in personal status lawsuits, they are specified as a rule (Article 12, paragraph 1, and Articles 41-43 of the Personal Status Litigation Law). In addition, the involvement of the prosecutor in the proceedings (Article 23 of the same law) and the participation of interested parties in the lawsuit are permitted (Article 15 of the same law).

In personal status lawsuits, the capacity to sue is not restricted (Article 13, Paragraph 1 of the same law), and the provisions of the Civil Procedure Law regarding the admission or waiver of claims, settlement in litigation, etc. do not apply (Article 19 of the Personal Status Law. However, for divorce and divorce actions, Articles 37 and 44 of the same law). In addition, while the principle of oral argument is adopted in the trial of ordinary civil lawsuits, it is not appropriate to leave the personal relationships that are the subject of personal status lawsuits to the oral argument of the parties alone, and the court must investigate the truth by its own authority, and the resulting judgment must have a peculiar effect on the world (Article 24 of the same law) and bind not only the parties to the lawsuit but also third parties. For this reason, in personal status lawsuits, the principle of ex officio discovery is adopted, which allows the court to collect basic materials and take into consideration facts not asserted by the parties as the basis for the judgment (Article 20 of the same law).

With regard to litigation concerning matrimonial relations, special provisions have been established with regard to ancillary measures and ensuring their implementation (Articles 31 et seq. of the same Act), and with regard to litigation concerning parent-child relations, special provisions have been established with regard to the standing of the parties thereto (Articles 41 et seq. of the same Act).

[Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato]

[References] | Parent and child | Marriage | Court | Official principle | Special law | Acknowledgement | Civil lawsuit | Adoption | Divorce | Divorce

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

民事訴訟のうちで、とくに民法親族法によって規律される身分関係についての紛争を解決するための、身分関係の確認・形成を目的とする訴訟をいう。これらの訴訟手続は、民事訴訟法の特別法である人事訴訟法(平成15年法律第109号)によって規律される。

 旧人事訴訟手続法(明治31年法律第13号)にとってかわった現行法では、人事訴訟の第一審の管轄が地方裁判所から家庭裁判所に改められたこと、参与員が審理に関与できることをはじめとして、手続の整備が図られた。

 人事訴訟(人事に関する訴え)とは、婚姻の無効および取消しの訴え、離婚の訴え、協議上の離婚の無効および取消しの訴えならびに婚姻関係の存否の確認の訴え(人事訴訟法2条1号)、嫡出否認の訴え、認知の訴え、認知の無効および取消しの訴え、父を定めることを目的とする訴えならびに実親子関係の存否の確認の訴え(同法2条2号)、養子縁組の無効および取消しの訴え、離縁の訴え、協議上の離縁の無効および取消しの訴えならびに養親子関係の存否の確認の訴え(同法2条3号)である。

 これらの訴訟も民事訴訟であるから、対立当事者の存在が必要であるし、原告の訴え提起によって手続は開始されるし、その審理は訴訟物の範囲に限定される。しかし、人事訴訟では種々の特性がある。たとえば、通常の民事訴訟では、当事者となるべき者(当事者適格)が法律によって特定されているのはまれであるが、人事訴訟では、原則としてそれは特定されている(人事訴訟法12条1項、41条~43条)。また、検察官の手続関与(同法23条)や利害関係人の訴訟参加が認められている(同法15条)。

 人事訴訟においては、訴訟能力は制限されないし(同法13条1項)、請求の認諾・放棄、訴訟上の和解などに関する民事訴訟法の規定は適用されない(人事訴訟法19条。ただし、離婚の訴えおよび離縁の訴えについては同法37条、44条)。また、通常の民事訴訟の審理においては弁論主義がとられているが、人事訴訟の対象となる身分関係については、当事者の弁論だけに任せるのは適当でなく、裁判所の職権によって真相を究明し、その結果なされた判決には対世的効力を生じ(同法24条)、訴訟の当事者だけでなく第三者をも拘束する必要がある。そのため、人事訴訟では、基礎資料を収集し、当事者の主張しない事実を判決の基本として斟酌(しんしゃく)することができる職権探知主義がとられている(同法20条)。

 婚姻関係訴訟については、附帯処分およびその履行の確保などにつき特則が設けられ(同法31条以下)、実親子関係訴訟については、その当事者適格などにつき特則が設けられている(同法41条以下)。

[内田武吉・加藤哲夫]

[参照項目] | 親子 | 婚姻 | 裁判 | 職権主義 | 特別法 | 認知 | 民事訴訟 | 養子 | 離縁 | 離婚

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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