One of the ancient Sumerian city-states. Eridu was identified by British consul John George Taylor (1855) as Tell Abu Shahrain (Iraq), located near the Euphrates River in southern Iraq, about 23 km south of the ancient city of Ur. Following Reginald Campbell Thompson (1876-1941) in 1918, full-scale excavation was carried out by the Iraqi Antiquities Authority from 1947 to 1949. The Sumerian King List, the oldest document compiling the historical memory of the Sumerians, begins with the words, "When kingship descended from heaven, it was in Eridu." Excavations confirmed that Eridu was one of the oldest cities in Sumer with remains and artifacts. In other words, the study clarified the transition from the Eridu culture (from around 5300 BC) of the first settlers in the area to the subsequent Ubaid culture (around 4500 BC to 3500 BC), during which the area developed from a town to a city with temples at its center. Eridu was the sacred city of Enki, the god of water and earth, who is one of the three great Sumerian gods, alongside the heavenly god An (the chief god of Uruk) and the storm god Enlil (the chief god of Nippur), who was the supreme god in the Sumerian-Akkadian period. [Masao Takahashi] In 2016, the ruins of Eridu were inscribed on the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage List as part of the "Ahwar region of southern Iraq: biological refuge and vestiges of an ancient Mesopotamian urban landscape" complex. [Editorial Department, May 21, 2018] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代のシュメールの都市国家の一つ。エリドゥは、イギリス領事のテーラーJohn George Taylorによって、古都ウルの南約23キロメートルにあるイラク南部のユーフラテス川に近いいまのテル・アブ・シャフライン(イラク)と同定された(1855)。1918年のトムソンReginald Campbell Thompson(1876―1941)に次いで、1947~1949年にイラク古物局の手で本格的な発掘調査が行われた。シュメール人自身の歴史的記憶を編纂(へんさん)した最古の文書「シュメール王名表」には、冒頭に「王権が天から降(くだ)ったとき、その王権はエリドゥにあった」と記されている。発掘調査の結果、シュメール最古の遺構、遺物を伴った都市の一つであったことが確認された。すなわち、同地の最初の定住者のエリドゥ期文化(前5300ころ~)から次のウバイド期文化(前4500ころ~前3500ころ)を経て神殿を中心に町から都市への発展の推移が明らかにされた。エリドゥは、天神アン(ウルクの主神)、シュメール・アッカド時代の最高神である嵐神エンリル(ニップールの主神)と並んで、シュメールの三大神をなす水と大地の神であるエンキの聖都であった。 [高橋正男] エリドゥの遺跡は、2016年、「南イラクのアフワール:生物の避難所と古代メソポタミア都市景観の残影」の一つとして、ユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)の世界遺産の複合遺産(世界複合遺産)に登録された。 [編集部 2018年5月21日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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