An evergreen small shrub of the Ericaceae family (APG classification: Ericaceae). It is also known as heath in English. There are 14 species in Western Europe and the Mediterranean coast, 2 in tropical East Africa, 9 in subtropical East Africa, and 605 in South Africa. The height ranges from about 20 cm to 3 m, and some are bushy with many lateral branches, while others are upright and cedar-like. The leaves are linear and ovate and short. The flowers are urn-shaped or tubular, and form racemes or umbels. They flower from late autumn to spring, and most bloom sideways or downward, but occasionally bloom upward. The flowers come in a variety of colors, including white, pink, red, purple, and yellow, and some are a mixture of two colors. The petals usually have four lobes, and there are usually eight stamens. European varieties are cold-resistant and easy to grow, but those native to the lowlands of South Africa have beautiful flowers but are only semi-cold-resistant and need to be kept warm. Heavy soil does not allow the roots to grow deep, so light soil is used. Also, avoid drying out due to high summer temperatures and cover the roots to prevent the soil temperature from rising too much. Water moderately, and for South African varieties, improve drainage during the rainy seasons of June and September. In the early Taisho period, varieties with many small pink and red flowers such as Canaliculata were popular and were improved, but they are now extinct. Currently, Wilmorey and other South African varieties are cultivated, and the most commonly cultivated varieties include Regia, which has white tubular flowers with red petals, Fastigiata, which has white upward-facing flowers with red petal tips, and Viscaria, which has deep pink-pink flowers that bloom horizontally. Melansera is also commonly cultivated. It is used as a cut flower, a potted plant, and a garden tree. It grows well from seed, with some blooming in about the second year, but it can also be propagated by cuttings in March to April and in autumn. [Torasaburo Kawabata April 16, 2021] Cultural historyMany of the heather species cultivated as flowering trees were brought from South Africa. The greatest contributor to this was Francis Masson (1741-1805), a British botanist dispatched from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He collected 88 species of heather during two collecting trips to South Africa in 1772 and 1786, and sent them to England. The Japanese heather was first introduced to Japan during the Taisho era. Heather roots are also hard, so pipes are made from the heather plant ( E. arborea L.) that grows on the Mediterranean coast. [Hiroshi Yuasa April 16, 2021] The flower color is pinkish red, and the anthers of the stamens are deep purple-black. It is used as a cut flower, a potted plant, and a garden tree. ©Shogakukan "> Erica Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ツツジ科(APG分類:ツツジ科)の常緑小低木。英名ヒース(heath)の名でも知られる。ヨーロッパ西部および地中海沿岸に14種、熱帯東アフリカに2種、亜熱帯東アフリカに9種、南アフリカに605種の原種がある。高さは20センチメートルくらいのものから3メートルに及ぶものもあり、横枝が多数出てこんもりするものや直立してスギのようになるものがある。葉は線形および卵形で短い。花は壺(つぼ)状または筒状で、総状花序もしくは散形花序をつくる。花期は晩秋から春までで、多くは横向きまたは下向きに咲き、まれに上向きに咲くものもある。花色は白、桃、赤、紫、黄など豊富で、2色が混じるものもある。弁先は普通4裂し、雄しべは普通8本。 ヨーロッパ系のものは耐寒性も強く栽培しやすいが、南アフリカの低地原産のものは花は美しいがやや半耐寒性のため保温を要する。重い土では根が深くまで伸びないので軽い土を用いる。また夏の高温による乾燥を避け、地温が上がりすぎないよう根際に覆いをする。灌水(かんすい)は適度にするとともに、南アフリカの品種については、6月と9月の多雨期の排水をよくする。大正初期にはカナリキュラタなど桃色と赤色の小花が多数つく品種が流行し、品種改良が進んだが、いまは絶滅している。現在栽培されるのはウィルモレイのほか南アフリカ系のものが多く、弁先が赤く白色筒咲きのレギア、花の底が赤く白色上向き咲きのファスティギアタ、濃桃紅色で横向き咲きのビスカリアなどがよく栽培される。また一般にはジャノメエリカ(メランセラ)がよく栽培される。切り花、鉢植え、庭園樹とする。繁殖は実生(みしょう)でよく育ち、2年目くらいで咲くものがあり、3~4月および秋に挿木をしてもよい。 [川畑寅三郎 2021年4月16日] 文化史花木として栽培されるエリカの多くは、南アフリカからもたらされた。その最大の貢献者は、キュー王立植物園から派遣されたイギリスの植物学者フランシス・マッソンFrancis Masson(1741―1805)で、彼は1772年と1786年の2回の南アフリカの採集旅行で88種のエリカを採集し、イギリスに送った。日本には、大正年間にジャノメエリカが初めて導入された。またエリカの根は堅いので、地中海沿岸産のエリカのエイジュ(E. arborea L.)からはパイプがつくられる。 [湯浅浩史 2021年4月16日] 花色は桃紅色、雄しべの葯は濃紫黒色。切り花、鉢植え、庭園樹として利用される©Shogakukan"> ジャノメエリカ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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