Elam - Elam (English spelling)

Japanese: エラム - えらむ(英語表記)Elam
Elam - Elam (English spelling)

The ancient name for the area east of the Tigris River, the Zagros Mountains, and the Khuzestan region in southwestern Iran today. "Elam" means east in ancient Babylonian. Parmash, centered on Susa, was at its core, with Anshan to the east and Simash to the north.

Its history begins in the Paleolithic period, but in the Neolithic period, the first layer of Susa, one of the oldest cultures in the Orient, flourished. This culture had dwellings made of sun-dried bricks, used sheep and barley, and also used beautiful painted pottery. In the second layer, the influence of Mesopotamian culture was evident, and a proto-Elamite script similar to Sumerian script was also used. It was already an urban civilization surrounded by walls, and many relics of gold, silver, copper, lead, lapis lazuli, and other materials from the Zagros Mountains have been excavated from its ruins, proving its close relationship with Mesopotamia. However, the relationship between the two was not peaceful, and when a powerful dynasty was established in Mesopotamia, it came under its control, and when it weakened, Elam invaded instead. Memorials of the subjugation of Elam, such as the victory stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad and the Code of Hammurabi, excavated in Susa, can be said to be proof of the hostile relationship between the two and the plundering of Elam.

In the 9th century BC, Persian invasions began, and in 630 BC, Susa was destroyed by the Assyrians. During the Achaemenid Persian period, Susa was one of the three most important cities of the empire, and Elamite was used as the official language. The Behistan (Bistun) inscription of Darius the Great records the language in Elamite as well as Persian and Aramaic. The ethnic affiliation of the Elamites is still unknown.

[Masaaki Itoga]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ティグリス川以東からザーグロス山脈一帯、現在のイラン南西部のフーゼスターン地方をさす古名。「エラム」は古代バビロニア語で東方を意味する。スーサを中心とするパルスマシュを核に、東のアンシャン、北のシマシュがその中心。

 歴史は旧石器時代から始まるが、新石器時代にはオリエント最古の文化の一つであるスーサ第1層が繁栄した。これは日干しれんがを用いた住居を有し、ヒツジや大麦なども利用し、さらに美しい彩文土器を使用した文化である。第2層ではメソポタミア文化の影響が認められ、シュメール文字に似た原エラム文字も使用されていた。すでに城壁を巡らした都市文明であり、その遺跡からはザーグロス山脈の金、銀、銅、鉛や瑠璃(るり)、ラピスラズリなどの遺物が多く出土し、メソポタミアとの関係が密接であったことを証明している。しかし、両者の関係は平和的ではなく、メソポタミアに強力な王朝ができればその支配下に入り、弱体化すると逆にエラムが侵入するという繰り返しであった。スーサで出土した、エラム鎮圧の記念物である、アッカドのナラム・シンの戦勝碑やハムラビ法典などは、両者の敵対関係と、エラムの略奪を証明するものといえる。

 紀元前9世紀にはペルシア人の侵入が始まり、前630年にはアッシリア人にスーサが破壊された。アケメネス朝ペルシア時代にもスーサは帝国の重要な三大都市の一つで、エラム語は公用語として用いられた。ダリウス大王のベヒスタン(ビストゥン)碑文には、ペルシア語、アラム語とともに、エラム語でも記録されている。エラム人の人種的帰属は現在なお不明である。

[糸賀昌昭]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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