Busse

Japanese: Busse
Busse

… [Kazuo Yoshioka]
[Europe]
There are many unknowns about the history of fines, but in Germany, for example, the following general development can be said to have taken place: In ancient times, when an illegal act occurred between private individuals, an enmity (fede) automatically arose between the perpetrator and the victim, which was resolved by blood vendetta, but already in the early Middle Ages, aside from this system, there was a tendency for the parties to settle the matter through a contract of indemnity, which involved the payment of compensation (Busse, also translated as atonement money) between the parties. If, and only in this case, the court took for itself, for example, one third of the amount of compensation awarded in the judgment, in the name of a "peace money."

From [Fede]

...At this stage, the clan group functions as a single authority. In the past, the state of feud could only be dissolved by blood revenge, but in the Early Middle Ages, with the strengthening of royal power, a parallel method appeared in which, in addition to revenge, the state of feud could be ended by a settlement or judgment between the two parties, with the payment of an indemnity, or "busse." In all cases where a feud was dissolved, the victim pledged to renounce revenge.

From [Revenge]

…In feudal times, the lord's vassals participated in the act of revenge. However, since acts of revenge between powerful men sacrificed weaker people such as peasants, clergy, and merchants, kings who wished for peace began to give special protection to these weaker people in the early Middle Ages. While the system of revenge remained, a peaceful method of resolving feuds appeared, involving the exchange of indemnity (busse) in or out of court. At the end of the 10th century, the "Peace of God" movement, which originated in southern France, spread to Western Europe, and for the first time, a movement to restrict acts of revenge appeared, albeit from the side of the church. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Busse" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…【吉岡 一男】
[ヨーロッパ]
 罰金の歴史については,未詳なところが多いが,ドイツを例にとれば,概略次のような展開過程をたどったといえる。古代には,私人間に違法行為が発生した場合,加害者側と被害者側との間に自動的に敵対関係(フェーデ)が生まれ,これは血の復讐により解消したが,すでに中世初期には,その制度とは別に,当事者間での賠償金(ブーセBusse,贖罪金とも訳される)支払を手段とする贖罪契約によって和解させられる傾向が生じた。そして,この事件が,公の裁判所で争われる場合には,そして,この場合にかぎり,裁判所側は判決を言い渡した賠償金額の,例えば3分の1を〈平和金〉の名義で自身に収納した。…

【フェーデ】より

…そしてこの段階では,氏族団体は一つの権力団体として機能する。 フェーデの状態は,古くは血の復讐によってのみ解消されるが,中世初期には,王権の強化に伴って,復讐という手段のほかに,これと並行して,両当事者間の和解または判決により,贖罪金(賠償金)すなわち〈ブーセBusse〉の授受をもって終結させるという方法が出現する。フェーデ解消のすべての場合に,被害者側の復讐放棄の誓約がなされる。…

【復讐】より

…封建制の時代には,主君の復讐行為にはその家臣衆も参加する。しかし,とくに大権力者間の復讐行為は,農民,聖職者,商人などの弱者を犠性にするために,中世初期すでに,平和を願う王によりこれら弱者に特別の保護が与えられるようになり,復讐制は存置しつつも,裁判上または裁判外での,贖罪金(ブーセBusse,賠償金)の授受をもってする平和的なフェーデ解消手段が出現する。 10世紀末には,南フランスに生まれた〈神の平和〉運動が西ヨーロッパに波及し,初めて,教会の側からではあるが,復讐行為の制限の動きが出現する。…

※「Busse」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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