An oxide of aluminum. In industry, it is also called alumina. It may contain the hydrated oxide Al 2 O 3 ·x H 2 O (0 < x < 3) which is an intermediate in the dehydration process from aluminum hydroxide Al(OH) 3 (= Al 2 O 3 ·3H 2 O) to Al 2 O 3. Pure alumina is called α (alpha)-alumina, and the one containing a small amount of water is called γ (gamma)-alumina (Al 2 O 3 · n H 2 O; 0 < n < 0.6). When γ-alumina is ignited, it dehydrates and becomes α-alumina. There is an old one called β (beta)-alumina, which has been shown to be Na 2 O ·6Al 2 O 3. α-Al 2 O 3 is naturally produced as corundum. Artificial corundum is called alundum by trade name. Insoluble in water. Hardly soluble in acid and alkali. Highly fire-resistant. Mohs hardness 9.0. It is used in cutting wheels, firebricks, fireproof materials, etc. Gemstones that contain impurities include ruby (carnelian, 0.2-0.3% chromium(III) oxide) and sapphire (blue jade, 0.1-0.2% titanium oxide and iron(III) oxide). Corundum that contains impurities is called emery and is used as an abrasive. Activated alumina, which is sold commercially, is a porous solid obtained by heating and dehydrating alumina hydrate, and its main component is gamma-alumina. It has excellent moisture adsorption properties and is widely used as a catalyst or catalyst support for various chemical reactions, and is also useful as an adsorbent for chromatography. [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [References] | | [Additional information] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アルミニウムの酸化物。工業的にはアルミナともいう。水酸化アルミニウムAl(OH)3(=Al2O3・3H2O)からAl2O3までの脱水過程の中間にある含水酸化物Al2O3・xH2O(0<x<3)を含めることもある。純粋なものはα(アルファ)‐アルミナといい、わずかに水分を含んだものをγ(ガンマ)‐アルミナ(Al2O3・nH2O;0<n<0.6)といっている。γ‐アルミナは強熱すると脱水してα‐アルミナとなる。古くβ(ベータ)-アルミナとよばれたものがあるが、これはNa2O・6Al2O3であることが示されている。α-Al2O3は天然にはコランダム(鋼玉)として産出。コランダムの人造品は商品名でアランダムといわれている。水に不溶。酸、アルカリにも難溶。耐火性が高い。モース硬度9.0。切削砥石(といし)、耐火レンガ、耐火材などに用いられる。不純物を含んで宝石となったものにルビー(紅玉、酸化クロム(Ⅲ)0.2~0.3%)やサファイア(青玉、酸化チタンと酸化鉄(Ⅲ)0.1~0.2%)がある。不純物を含んだコランダムはエメリーとよばれ研磨剤として用いられる。活性アルミナとして市販されているものは、アルミナ水和物を加熱脱水して得られる多孔性固体で、主成分がγ‐アルミナである。水分吸着能に優れ、各種化学反応の触媒ないし触媒担体として広く用いられており、またクロマトグラフ用吸着剤として有用である。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [参照項目] | | [補完資料] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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