MHD power generation

Japanese: MHD発電 - えむえいちでぃーはつでん
MHD power generation

This is a method of generating electricity using magnetic fluid, which is generated by flowing an electrically conductive fluid perpendicular to a magnetic field, and using the electromotive force generated by electromagnetic induction. MHD is an abbreviation of magnetohydrodynamics.

When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, the change in magnetic flux generates an electromotive force in the conductor, generating an electric current. In a normal generator, this conductor is a copper wire, but it can be a liquid or gas, as long as it is a conductor. When the temperature of the gas reaches 2000-3000°C, electrons fly out of the gas atoms, turning it into plasma (a state in which the gas is highly ionized and ions and electrons are uniformly distributed), and the gas becomes conductive. If cesium or potassium, which are particularly easily ionized, is mixed in, the electrical conductivity becomes even higher. When plasma passes through a magnetic field, the change in magnetic flux generates an induced electromotive force perpendicular to the magnetic field and perpendicular to the direction of the plasma's movement. If electrodes are placed on both sides of the plasma, charges accumulate there, and if the electrodes are connected by a conductor, an electric current flows in the conductor. No matter how high the temperature of the plasma is, its electrical conductivity is orders of magnitude smaller than that of copper. To compensate for the low electrical conductivity, it is necessary to drastically increase the magnetic flux density and the flow speed of the plasma. Therefore, powerful electromagnets and a flow speed exceeding several hundred to 1,000 meters per second are essential conditions for MHD power generation. Since ordinary electromagnets consume a lot of power, superconducting magnets are indispensable. The heat source for MHD power generation should be a nuclear reactor such as a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor.

[Jun Sakurai]

[References] | Nuclear reactor | High-temperature gas-cooled reactor | Magnetohydrodynamics | Electromagnetic induction | Plasma
Principles of MHD power generation
©Shogakukan ">

Principles of MHD power generation


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

磁気流体発電のことで、電気伝導性をもつ流体を磁界に垂直な方向に流し、電磁誘導によって生じる起電力を利用する発電法。MHDは磁気流体力学magnetohydrodynamicsの略。

 磁界の中で導体を運動させれば、磁束の変化によって導体に起電力が生じ、電流が発生する。この導体は、通常の発電機では銅線であるが、導体でありさえすれば、液体でも気体でもよい。気体の温度が2000~3000℃になれば、気体の原子から電子が飛び出し、プラズマ(高度に電離し、イオンと電子が一様に分布した状態)となり、気体は導電性を帯びる。とくに電離しやすいセシウムやカリウムを混ぜれば、電気伝導度はいっそう高くなる。プラズマが磁界の中を通過すれば、磁束の変化によって、磁界と垂直に、かつプラズマの運動方向とも垂直な方向に誘導起電力が生じる。プラズマの両わきに電極を置けば、そこに電荷がたまり、電極を導線でつなげば、導線中に電流が流れる。プラズマの温度がいかに高いとはいえ、その電気伝導度は銅などに比べたら桁(けた)違いに小さい。電気伝導度の低さを補うためには、磁束密度やプラズマの流速を思いきって高めることが必要である。そのため、強力な電磁石と秒速数百~1000メートルを超える流速が、MHD発電の欠くことのできない条件である。通常の電磁石では消費電力が大きいので、超電導磁石が不可欠である。MHD発電の熱源は、高温ガス冷却炉のような原子炉に求められるべきである。

[桜井 淳]

[参照項目] | 原子炉 | 高温ガス炉 | 磁気流体力学 | 電磁誘導 | プラズマ
MHD発電の原理
©Shogakukan">

MHD発電の原理


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