Curie, Pierre and Marie

Japanese: キュリー（英語表記）Curie， Pierre and Marie
Curie, Pierre and Marie
(Husband) Pierre 15 May 1859, Paris - 19 April 1906, Paris
(Wife) Marie 7 November 1867, Warsaw - 4 July 1934, Haute-Savoie
A married couple of French physicists. Pierre graduated from the Sorbonne and became an assistant there (1878) and a professor there (1904). Working with his brother Jacques, he discovered the phenomenon of piezoelectricity through his research into crystals, and gave a theoretical explanation for the symmetry of crystals and the symmetry of various physical phenomena as a relationship between electric fields and electric currents. He studied the effect of heat on magnetism, and in 1895 he discovered Curie's law and the Curie temperature, for which he received his doctorate. Marie taught herself mathematics and physics while working as a live-in tutor in Russian-occupied Poland, and went to Paris at the age of 24 (1891) to complete her degrees in physics (93) and mathematics (94) at the Sorbonne. While studying at the Sorbonne, she met Pierre and married him (95). While pursuing the radioactivity of uranium, which had just been discovered by H. Becquerel (96), she discovered the same radioactivity in thorium. After that, the couple worked together to track down radioactive substances (radioactivity) in pitchblende, and in 1909 they discovered two new radioactive elements (polonium and radium). At that time, Pierre invented an ionization chamber and a piezoelectric meter to measure radiation, and discovered alpha, beta, and gamma rays from his research into the radioactivity of radium in an electric field. In 1903, the couple shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Becquerel, and Marie received her doctorate in the same year. The discovery of radioactivity surprised the world by experimentally proving the decay of atoms. After Pierre was hit by a wagon and died suddenly (1906), Marie became a professor at the Sorbonne (06) and isolated pure metallic radium (11). In 1911, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of the two new elements and the isolation of pure radium. In her later years, she served as director of the Radium Institute, and her research was taken over by F. Joliot-Curie.

Curie
Curie

(1) A practical unit of radioactivity. Its symbol is Ci. 1 Ci is the radioactivity when the number of radioactive substances decaying per second is exactly 3.7 × 10 10. Its relationship to the SI unit becquerel is 1 Ci = 3.7 × 10 10 s -1 = 3.7 × 10 10 Bq, which is approximately equivalent to the radioactivity of 1 gram of radium. Originally, 1 Ci was defined as the radioactivity of 1 gram of radium. The unit was named after Mr. and Mrs. Curie. (2) In the past, the Curie was also used as a unit to express the amount of radioactive substance, and 1 Ci expressed the amount of radioactive substance decaying at a rate of 3.7 × 10 10 substances per second. For example, 1 Ci of radium is approximately 1 gram.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
(夫) ピエール　 Pierre 　 1859.5.15. パリ～1906.4.19. パリ　　
(妻) マリー　 Marie 　 1867.11.7. ワルシャワ～1934.7.4. オートサボア　
フランスの物理学者夫妻。ピエールは，ソルボンヌ大学を卒業し，そこの助手となり (1878) ，同教授 (1904) 。兄ジャックとともに結晶の研究から，圧電気現象を発見，結晶の対称性を理論的に説明し，種々の物理現象の対称性を電場と電流の関係として説明した。熱が磁性に及ぼす効果を研究し，1895年，キュリーの法則とキュリー温度を発見して学位を得た。マリーは，ロシア占領下のポーランドで住込みの家庭教師をしながら数学と物理学を独学し，24歳でパリに行き (1891) ，ソルボンヌで物理学 (93) と数学 (94) を修めた。ソルボンヌで研究中に，ピエールと知合って結婚 (95) 。当時 H.ベクレルが発見した (96) ばかりのウランの放射能を追ううち，トリウムにも同じ放射能を発見。以後，夫妻は共同でピッチブレンド中の放射性物体 (放射能) を追跡し，98年に新しい放射性元素 (ポロニウムとラジウム ) を発見した。その際，ピエールは放射線の測定に電離箱と圧電気計を考案し，電場におけるラジウムの放射能の研究から，α線，β線，γ線を発見。 1903年，夫妻はベクレルとともにノーベル物理学賞を受賞，同年マリーは学位を得た。放射能の発見は，原子の崩壊を実験的に証明して世界中を驚かせた。ピエールが荷馬車に轢かれて急死した (1906) あと，マリーはソルボンヌの教授となり (06) ，金属状態の純粋なラジウムを単離 (11) 。 11年，2つの新元素の発見と純粋ラジウムの単離に対して，ノーベル化学賞が授与された。晩年はラジウム研究所所長をつとめ，研究は F.ジョリオ＝キュリーが引継いだ。

キュリー
curie

(1) 放射能の実用単位。記号は Ci。 1Ciは1秒間に崩壊する放射性物質の個数が正確に 3.7×1010 個であるときの放射能。 SI単位のベクレルとの関係は 1Ci＝3.7×1010s-1＝3.7×1010Bq で，ラジウム 1gの放射能に近似的に相当する。もともと 1Ciはラジウム 1gがもつ放射能として定義された。単位名はキュリー夫妻の名にちなむ。 (2) 以前にキュリーは放射性物質の量を表わす単位としても用いられ，1Ciは1秒間に 3.7×1010 個の割合で崩壊している放射性物質の量を表わした。たとえばラジウムの 1Ciは約 1gである。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

<<:  curium

>>:  Curacao (English spelling) Land Curaçao

Recommend

Law Concerning the Regulation of Acceptance of Contributions, Deposits, and Interest Rates, etc.

Law No. 195 of 1954. It is commonly referred to as...

Calcar, JS (English)

…Published in 1543. This book, which Vesalius, pr...

Orpimento - Orpimento

...A mineral with the chemical composition As 2 S...

Interaction - Sougosayou (English spelling) interaction

If we call the particles that are the basic eleme...

Ol'ga Fyodorovna Berggol'ts (English spelling)

A Russian female poet. Graduated from the Faculty...

Pills - Ganzai

It is a spherical form of medicine, one of the ol...

Sanpei Pass

Located in the north of Katashina Village, Tone Co...

Dussek, JL (English spelling) DussekJL

… Finally, the European repertoire of harp music ...

Italian Corn Salad - Italian corn salad

... There are about 80 known species of the genus...

Giant midge - Oyurika

...They lay gelatinous egg masses on the water su...

Tempo calendar - Tenpo-reki

This refers to Japan's last lunisolar calenda...

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge

…These schools were run by the children's par...

《Wind and Peace》 - Win and Peace

… 【Japan】 The development of 20th century music i...

Karinchak, J.

…A Central European republic that existed from 19...

lily-turf (English spelling) lilyturf

...Distributed throughout Japan, often found in l...