… The printing press was originally designed to reduce the labor of copying, and initially it was assumed that the printing would be as similar to a handwritten copy as possible. This is why the early type created by Gutenberg was the same style as the "black letters" written by scribes at the time. Meanwhile, in Florence, Italy, the center of the Renaissance, a new typeface that was bright and easy to read was adopted to replace the "black letters" that were a relic of the feudal Middle Ages, and based on this, Nicolas Jenson (1420-80) perfected the Roman typeface in Venice around 1470. … From [Calligraphy]… In the Carolingian dynasty under Charlemagne, the Carolingian minuscule, which was a regular, well-balanced and clear typeface, was used as part of the policy of revival of antiquity (e.g., the Gospel of Godescalc, late 8th century), and by around 800 it had spread rapidly to the workshops of the empire. However, at the end of the 12th century, calligraphy moved towards a more rigid style, and the so-called black letter (German typeface) or Gothic typeface was born. These highly contrasting types, with their predominance of thin vertical lines, were decorative in contrast to the clear and crisp Carolingian typefaces, and their stylization reached its peak in liturgical books, especially hymnals. … *Some of the terminology that refers to the "black letter" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 活版の印刷はもともと写字の労を省くことを目的としてくふうされたのであって,初めはできるだけ手写本に似たものを刷ることを前提とした。グーテンベルクの作った初期の活字が,当時の写字師が書いた〈黒い文字black letter〉そのままの字体であったのもそのためである。一方,ルネサンスの中心地イタリアのフィレンツェでは,中世封建時代の遺物である〈黒い文字〉に代わって,明るく読みやすい新字体が採用され,これを土台にして1470年ころベネチアでジェンソンNicolas Jenson(1420‐80)によってローマン体が完成された。… 【書】より… カール大帝治下のカロリング朝では,古代復興政策の下に規則的で均衡のとれた明快なカロリング小文字Carolingian minusculeが使用され(《ゴデスカルク福音書》8世紀末,等),800年ころまでに帝国の諸工房に急速に普及した。しかし,12世紀末には書法は正硬な様式化へ向かい,いわゆる黒字体black letter(ドイツ字体)あるいはゴシック体Gothicが生まれた。細長い垂直線の勝ったコントラストの強いこれらの書体は,明快清朗なカロリング朝期の書体とは対照的に装飾的で,典礼書,ことに聖歌集においてその様式化は頂点に達した。… ※「black letter」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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