Edwards, Jonathan

Japanese: エドワーズ（英語表記）Edwards， Jonathan
Edwards, Jonathan
Born October 5, 1703 in East Windsor, Connecticut
[Died] March 22, 1758. Princeton, New Jersey. American pastor and theologian. After graduating from Yale University, he became a pastor in Northampton, Massachusetts, and led a religious revival movement called the Great Awakening. However, he was driven out of the church because of his strict demands on faith. He moved to the remote Stockbridge area around 1750, where he worked on missionary work among Native Americans while writing theological works. In 1758, he was appointed president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), but died suddenly of smallpox just over a month after assuming his position. His works include God Glorified in the Work of Redemption (1731), Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737), Personal Narrative (c. 1740), Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New England (1742), A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (1746), and The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758). He is particularly famous for A Careful and Strict Enquiry into ... Freedom of Will (1754), which denied free will from the standpoint of orthodox Calvinism.

Edwards
Edwards, Robert

Born: September 27, 1925, Bathory
[Died] April 10, 2013. British physiologist from near Cambridge. Full name Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards. He studied zoology at Bangor University, a constituent university of the University of Wales, and graduated in 1951. He researched animal reproductive physiology at the Animal Genetics Laboratory at the University of Edinburgh, and obtained his doctorate in 1957. After working at the California Institute of Technology in the United States and the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) in the UK, he moved to the Department of Physiology at the University of Cambridge in 1963 and became a member of Churchill College. After moving to the NIMR in 1958, he worked on in vitro fertilization in humans, but the various conditions were quite different from those in other mammals, and he had difficulty succeeding. In 1968, when he learned of the existence of laparoscopy, he began clinical infertility treatment with the cooperation of Patrick Steptoe, an obstetrician-gynecologist at Oldham General Hospital, an authority on this technology. His paper on successful in vitro fertilization, published in Nature in 1969, attracted worldwide attention. On July 25, 1978, the world's first baby born through IVF, Louise Brown, was born. In 1980, he served as the research director of Burn Hall Clinic, a medical research facility specializing in infertility treatment, which he founded. In 2001, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University and was also a recipient of the Lasker Award. In 2010, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his development of groundbreaking reproductive medical techniques such as in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

Edwards
Edwards, George

Born: October 14, 1852.
[Died] October 4, 1915.
London theatre manager. Pioneer of British musical comedy. After being involved with the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin, he became manager of the Savoy Theatre in London (1881-85). He ran the Gaiety Theatre in London from 1885, and gained popularity with "The Gaiety Girls." In 1893 he opened the Daily Theatre, where he performed "The Merry Widow" and many other comic operas alongside "The Gaiety Girls."

Edwards
Edwards, Ernest Richard

British phonetician. He visited Japan from 1900 to 1901 and studied Japanese pronunciation with Niimura Izuru and Yasugi Sadatoshi as informants (interviewees). In 1903, he submitted his doctoral thesis, Étude phonétique de la langue japonaise (Phonetic Study of the Japanese Language), to the Faculty of Letters of the Sorbonne University. The thesis consists of three volumes: phonetics, notes on grammar, and a text, and played a major role in advancing Japanese phonetics.

Edwards
Edwards, Jorge

Born 1931. Chilean novelist. His major works include The Weight of the Night (1965) and The Stone Guests (78). His other works include the collection of short stories El Patio (52), Gente de la Ciudad (65), and a memoir, Persona non grata (73).

Edwards
Edwards, Richard

[Born] Around 1523
[Died] 1566
British playwright. Studied at Oxford University. Director of the Children of the Chapel Royal.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1703.10.5. コネティカット，イーストウィンザー
[没]1758.3.22. ニュージャージー，プリンストン
アメリカの牧師，神学者。エール大学卒業後マサチューセッツのノーサンプトンの牧師となり，「大いなる覚醒」 Great Awakeningと呼ばれる信仰復興運動を指導したが，信仰に対する要求が厳しすぎるため教会を追われ，1750年頃僻地ストックブリッジに移り，神学の著作のかたわらインディアンへの布教活動に従事した。 1758年，ニュージャージー大学 (現プリンストン大学) に迎えられて学長となったが，就任1ヵ月余で天然痘により急逝した。著書に『贖罪における神の栄光』 God Glorified in the Work of Redemption (1731) ，『驚くべき神の御業』 Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737) ，『自伝』 Personal Narrative (1740頃) ，『ニューイングランドにおける現在の宗教的覚醒に関する考察』 Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New England (1742) ，『宗教感情に関する小論』A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (1746) ，『原罪』 The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758) などがあるが，正統派カルバン主義の立場から自由意志を否定した『意志の自由』A Careful and Strict Enquiry into ... Freedom of Will (1754) は特に有名。

エドワーズ
Edwards, Robert

[生]1925.9.27. バトリー
[没]2013.4.10. ケンブリッジ近郊
イギリスの生理学者。フルネーム Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards。ウェールズ大学の構成大学であるバンガー大学で動物学を学び 1951年に卒業。エディンバラ大学動物遺伝研究所で動物の生殖生理学を研究，1957年に博士号を修得した。アメリカ合衆国のカリフォルニア工科大学，イギリスの国立医学研究所 NIMRを経て，1963年ケンブリッジ大学生理学科に移りチャーチルカレッジの一員となった。1958年 NIMRに赴任したのち，ヒトの体外受精に取り組んだが，さまざまな条件がほかの哺乳類とはかなり異なり，なかなか成功しなかった。1968年に腹腔鏡の存在を知ると，この技術の権威オールダム総合病院の産婦人科医パトリック・ステプトーの協力を得て不妊治療の臨床に踏み出した。1969年『ネイチャー』誌に発表した体外受精成功の論文は世界的に注目された。1978年7月25日には世界初の体外受精児ルイーズ・ブラウンが誕生。1980年に設立した不妊治療専門研究医療施設バーンホールクリニックの研究責任者を務めた。2001年にはケンブリッジ大学から名誉博士号を授与され，ラスカー賞も受賞。体外受精や胚移植という画期的な生殖医療技術の開発に対し，2010年ノーベル生理学・医学賞が授与された。

エドワーズ
Edwardes， George

[生]1852.10.14.
[没]1915.10.4.
ロンドンの劇場支配人。イギリスのミュージカル・コメディーの開拓者。ダブリンのゲイエティ劇場に関係したあと，ロンドンのサボイ劇場支配人 (1881～85) 。 1885年からロンドンのゲイエティ劇場を経営，「ゲイエティ・ガールズ」で人気を呼ぶ。 93年デイリー劇場を開設，「ゲイエティ・ガールズ」と並んで『メリー・ウイドー』その他多くの喜歌劇などを上演。

エドワーズ
Edwards， Ernest Richard

イギリスの音声学者。 1900～01年に日本を訪れ，新村出，八杉貞利をインフォーマント (被調査者) として日本語の発音を研究。 03年ソルボンヌ大学文学部に『日本語の音声学的研究』 Étude phonétique de la langue japonaiseを博士論文として提出。語音論，語法に関するノート，テキストの3編から成るもので，日本語音声学を前進させる役割を果した。

エドワーズ
Edwards， Jorge

[生]1931. サンチアゴ
チリの小説家。『夜の重み』 El peso de la noche (1965) と『石の招客』 Los convidados de piedra (78) が主要作。短編集『中庭』 El patio (52) ，『町の人々』 Gente de la ciudad (65) ，回想録『好ましからざる人物』 Persona non grata (73) もある。

エドワーズ
Edwards， Richard

[生]1523頃
[没]1566
イギリスの劇作家。オックスフォード大学に学ぶ。「チャペル・ロイヤル少年劇団」 Children of the Chapel Royalの指導者。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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