Etching (English spelling)

Japanese: エッチング(英語表記)etching
Etching (English spelling)
A technique of copperplate printing. Unlike engraving, which is engraved directly into the copper plate, or drypoint, this is an etching intaglio technique that uses an etching solution to make the plate. First, a ground (such as asphalt, beeswax, or resin) is applied thinly and evenly to the polished copper plate's surface to prevent corrosion. A needle is used to draw lines on top of the ground, with enough pressure to expose the copper plate. After the drawing is complete, a stop varnish is applied to the back and sides of the copper plate to prevent corrosion, and the plate is immersed in a nitric acid (hydrochloric acid, ferric chloride) solution to etch the drawn lines. The lines created by this etching are filled with ink and printed using an etching press. In addition to the standard etching technique, there are three other etching techniques: (1) Deep etching: In this technique, the copper plate is directly painted with an anticorrosive solution, the other parts are etched, and the plate is made so that the painted parts become raised areas. Ink is then placed on the raised areas and printed. This is therefore a letterpress technique, and is also called relief etching or tipo. (2) Soft ground etching: A soft ground made with animal fat is spread on the plate, and thin paper is placed on top of it, and then drawing is done with an iron stylus or pencil. When the paper is peeled off, the ground in the drawn area also comes off with the paper, and that area is corroded. (3) Lift ground etching: A mixture of sugar solution, ink, gum arabic, etc. is used to draw directly on the plate, and the ground is then spread all over. When this is immersed in warm water, the ground in the drawn area is lifted and peeled off from the plate. When this is immersed in an etching solution, the ground is lifted and the peeled off area is corroded. This method is also called sugar aquatint, as sugar is used.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
銅版画の一技法。銅板に直接刻みつけるエングレービング,ドライポイントなどと異なり,腐食液を利用して製版する腐食凹版技法。まず磨いた銅板の版面に,腐食を防ぐグラウンド (アスファルト,蜜ろう,樹脂など) を薄く均一に塗る。その上から針を用いて銅板が露出する程度の強さで線描する。描き終ったのち,銅板の裏面および側面の腐食を防ぐ止めニスを塗り,硝酸 (塩酸,塩化第二鉄) 液に浸して描線の部分を腐食させる。この腐食によってできた線にインキを詰め,エッチング・プレスを使って刷る。この通常のエッチング技法のほか,次の3つのエッチング技法がある。 (1) ディープ・エッチング これは直接銅板に防食液などで描き,他の部分を腐食し,描いた部分が凸部となるように製版する。そして凸部にインキを載せて刷る。したがってこれは凸版技法であり,リリーフ・エッチング,ティポなどともいわれている。 (2) ソフト・グラウンド・エッチング 獣脂を混ぜてつくったソフト・グラウンドを版面に塗り,その上に薄紙を載せて鉄筆,鉛筆などで描く。紙をはがすと描いた部分のグラウンドも紙についてはがれ,その部分が腐食される。 (3) リフト・グラウンド・エッチング 砂糖溶液,墨汁,アラビアゴムなどの混合液で版面に直接描く。その上からグラウンドを全面に塗る。これをぬるま湯に浸すと描かれた部分のグラウンドが持上げられ,版面からはがされる。これを腐食液に浸せば,グラウンドがリフトされ,はがされた部分が腐食される。この方法は,砂糖を用いるため,シュガー・アクアチントとも呼ばれる。

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