Under international law, in principle, foreigners are subject to the jurisdiction of the country in which they are currently staying, but there are exceptional cases in which they are exempt from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are staying, and since their status is as if they were outside the country in which they are staying, this is called extraterritoriality. There are several cases in which extraterritoriality is recognized, but the content is not the same. The most common and important type of extraterritoriality is that granted to diplomats. It is part of diplomatic privileges and has long been established as international customary law, but its contents were further clarified by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in 1961. Extraterritoriality for diplomats is immunity from jurisdiction and administrative power. Diplomats are exempt from criminal jurisdiction in the host country, and, except in certain cases, from civil and administrative jurisdiction, and are exempt from the obligation to testify as a witness in litigation. Diplomats are not subject to the police power of the host country, are exempt from various taxes, and are exempt from all personal and material services, as well as social security obligations such as various pensions and insurance. Heads of state and foreign ministers are also granted similar extraterritoriality when they visit foreign countries. The so-called consular court system, in which a consul in a host country exercises jurisdiction over its nationals in accordance with the laws of that country, is also a type of extraterritoriality. However, currently, no country recognizes consular jurisdiction over foreign countries. In addition, consuls, foreign warships, military forces, military aircraft, and officials of international organizations are each granted extraterritoriality to a certain extent under international customary law and treaties. [Kazuya Hirobe] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国際法上、外国人は現に滞在する国家の管轄権に服するのを原則とするが、例外的に、滞在国の管轄権を免れる場合があり、その地位があたかも滞在国の外にあるかのようであるところから、これを治外法権という。治外法権が認められる場合はいくつかあるが、その内容は同一ではない。 治外法権のなかでもっとも一般的で重要なのは、外交官に認められたものである。外交特権の一部であり、古くから国際慣習法として確立しているが、1961年の「外交関係に関するウィーン条約」によってその内容がいっそう明確にされた。外交官の治外法権は、裁判権および行政権からの免除である。外交官は、接受国において、刑事裁判権から免除され、一定の場合を除いて民事および行政裁判権から免除され、また、訴訟において証人として証言する義務から免除される。外交官は接受国の警察権に服さず、各種の租税を免除され、すべての人的、物的役務や各種の年金、保険などの社会保障上の義務を免除される。なお、国家元首や外務大臣なども外国を訪れたときは、同様の治外法権が認められる。 領事が駐在国において自国の国民に対し本国法に従って裁判権を行使する、いわゆる領事裁判制度も治外法権の一種である。しかし現在では、外国の領事裁判権を認めている国はない。 このほか、領事、外国の軍艦・軍隊・軍用航空機、国際組織の職員などにも、国際慣習法および条約によって、それぞれ一定範囲の治外法権が認められる。 [広部和也] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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