Cesare Lombroso

Japanese: ロンブローゾ - ろんぶろーぞ(英語表記)Cesare Lombroso
Cesare Lombroso

Italian physician. Renowned as the founder of criminal anthropology. Born in Verona, he studied medicine at the universities of Padua, Pavia, and Vienna. After serving as a military surgeon, he became a professor at the University of Pavia in 1864. In 1870, when he became director of the psychiatric hospital in Pesaro, he discovered a central occipital fossa, which is found in the skulls of animals below the age of apes but is extremely rare in humans, in the skull of a criminal, which became the impetus for his later claims. In 1876, he became a professor at the University of Turin, where he devoted his life to the anthropological study of crime. He dissected 383 criminal skulls and investigated the physical characteristics of 5,907 people, and considered the anthropological characteristics of criminals, in particular clarifying the idea that criminals are born criminals due to atavism. He argued that about one-third of all criminals are born criminals, and that because these types of criminals commit crimes inevitably based on their dispositions, they cannot be held responsible, but because they are a dangerous existence, the state must take certain measures against them. This positivist view of crime developed later, especially in Italy, and became the basis for the so-called modern school of criminal law theory and the natural scientific study of crime, that is, criminology.

[Haruo Nishihara]

[Reference items] | Criminology | Criminal sociology | Criminal psychology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリアの医学者。刑事人類学派の創始者として名高い。ベローナに生まれ、パドバ、パビーア、ウィーンの諸大学で医学を修めた。軍医として軍務に従事したのち、1864年パビーア大学教授となり、1870年、ペザロの精神科病院の院長に就任した年に、サル以下の動物の頭蓋(とうがい)に存在するが人間にはきわめてまれにしかみられない中央後頭窩(ちゅうおうこうとうか)を、ある犯罪人の頭蓋に発見、後年の主張のきっかけを得た。1876年トリノ大学教授に転じ、そこで終生犯罪の人類学的研究に没頭した。彼は犯罪者の頭蓋383個を解剖し、また5907人の体格を調査したうえ、犯罪人の人類学的特徴というものを考え、とくに隔世遺伝による生来犯人という観念を明らかにした。そして、犯罪人総数の約3分の1はこの生来犯人であって、この種の犯人はその素質に基づき因果必然的に罪を犯すものであるから、これに対し責任を負わせるわけにはいかないが、危険な存在であるから、国家はこれに対し一定の対策を講じねばならないと主張した。このような実証主義的犯罪観は、その後とくにイタリアにおいて発展し、いわゆる近代学派の刑法理論、および犯罪の自然科学的研究、すなわち犯罪学を生み出すもととなった。

[西原春夫]

[参照項目] | 犯罪学 | 犯罪社会学 | 犯罪心理学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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