French marine and underwater explorer. Born near Bordeaux, he graduated from the Naval School in Brest in 1930. He worked in the Navy's research and development of diving technology from before the Second World War, and in 1943 invented the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA, trademarked Aqua-lung) with Emile Gagnan (1900-1979). The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, a simple underwater work tool that used compressed air, opened up new horizons in marine development and leisure. In 1948, he tested the bathyscaphe with A. Piccard, built an underwater disc and conducted underwater research with it, and from 1951 to 1952 conducted marine research in the Red Sea aboard the Calypso, and from 1967 to 1970 conducted marine explorations around the world aboard the same Calypso. He also published La monde du silence in 1953, which was adapted into a film in 1956. It was highly acclaimed as a highly artistic documentary of the underwater and seabed, and won the Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. His 1964 film Espace sans lumière also won an Academy Award and other awards, and he also appeared in television science serials. He was active in a wide range of fields, including continental shelf development, underwater life, and marine pollution prevention. He retired from the navy as a lieutenant commander in 1957, and served as director of the Monaco Oceanographic Museum and the French Center for Marine Exploration. His major works include The Silent World (1953) and The Masters of the Great Sea (1971), co-written with Philippe Diolé (1908-1977). [Masao Hanzawa] "The Silent World" translated by Tadayoshi Sasaki (included in "World Nonfiction Collection 44", 1963 / "The Silent World / Alone in the Atlantic / Fifty Days at Sea", 1978, Chikuma Shobo)" ▽ "The Cousteau Ocean Expedition Series 3: Masters of the Great Sea" translated by Tamaki Mori (1973, Shufu to Seikatsusha) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの海洋・海中探検家。ボルドー近郊に生まれ、1930年ブレストの海軍兵学校を卒業。第二次世界大戦前から海軍で潜水技術の研究・開発に従事し、1943年ガニャンEmile Gagnan(1900―1979)と共同で水中肺(SCUBA(スキューバ):self-contained underwater breathing apparatus、商標名アクアラングAqua-lung)を発明した。圧縮空気を利用した簡便な水中作業用具水中肺は、海洋開発、レジャーに新生面を開いた。1948年A・ピカールとバチスカーフの試験、海中円盤の製作とそれによる海中調査、1951~1952年カリプソ号での紅海海洋調査、1967~1970年には同じカリプソ号で世界各地の海洋探検を行った。また、1953年に出版した『沈黙の世界』La monde du silenceを1956年に映画化、これは海中・海底の芸術性高い記録映画として評価され、カンヌ映画祭でグランプリ、アメリカのアカデミー最優秀長編記録映画賞を受けた。1964年の『太陽のとどかぬ世界』Espace sans lumièreもアカデミー賞などを受賞、テレビの連続科学番組にも進出した。さらに大陸棚開発、海中生活、海洋汚染防止など活動分野は広い。1957年海軍少佐で退役し、モナコ海洋博物館所長、フランス海洋開発センター所長を務めた。主著に『沈黙の世界』(1953)、フィリップ・ディオレPhilippe Diolé(1908―1977)との共著『大いなる海の覇者』(1971)などがある。 [半澤正男] 『佐々木忠義訳『沈黙の世界』(『世界ノンフィクション全集44』所収・1963/『沈黙の世界/大西洋ひとりぼっち/漂流五十日』所収・1978・筑摩書房)』▽『森珠樹訳『クストー海洋探検シリーズ3 大いなる海の覇者』(1973・主婦と生活社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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