Equites (English spelling)

Japanese: エクイテス(英語表記)equites
Equites (English spelling)
A knight (class) in ancient Rome. Originally it meant a person who served in the military on horseback. Under the Servian system, 18 centuria (groups of hundreds) consisting of patricians (patricians) and plebeians (commoners) were set, totaling 1,800 people. However, the tactical value of cavalry gradually declined, and knights came to refer to a class based on property classification. After the Second Punic War, when the military function was lost, knights came to be a general term for a class including tax collectors, financiers, and wealthy merchants. This trend was accelerated by the Claudian Law of 218 BC, which excluded senators from commercial finance and distinguished them from knights, and was completed when G. Gracchus (→Gracchus Brothers) created the knighthood as a class eligible for a property of 400,000 sesterces. They did not hold high office, but worked in tax collection, public works, and trade. The king also intervened in the ill-gotten courts of the provincial governors, and fought against the senatorial class. During the Imperial period, he supported imperial power, and the prefect of the Praetorian Guard and the Governor of Egypt were the highest civil offices for knights. After the 4th century, he lost political power.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
古代ローマの騎士 (階級) 。元来騎馬で軍務に服する者を意味し,セルウィウス・ツリウス制ではパトリキ (貴族) ,プレプス (平民) の 18ケンツリア (百人組) ,計 1800人が定められた。しかし次第に騎兵の戦術的価値が減じ,騎士はむしろ財産区分による階級をさすようになり,第2次ポエニ戦争後,軍事的職能が失われてくると,徴税請負人,金融業者,大商人などが属する階級の総称となっていく。その傾向は前 218年クラウディウス法が元老院議員を商業金融から締出して,騎士と区別したことによって促進され,G.グラックス (→グラックス兄弟 ) が 40万セステルチウスの財産資格を有する階級として,騎士身分を創設したことによって完成した。彼らは高官につかず,徴税請負,公共事業,貿易に従事した。また属州総督の不当取得法廷に介入して,元老院議員階級と抗争した。帝政期以後は帝権の支えとなり,近衛長官,エジプト総督は騎士の最高官職であった。4世紀以後政治的な力を失った。

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