Liquefaction - Ekika (English spelling) liquefaction

Japanese: 液化 - えきか(英語表記)liquefaction
Liquefaction - Ekika (English spelling) liquefaction

This refers to the condensation of a gas into a liquid. It can also refer to the melting of a solid into a liquid, but this is more commonly referred to as melting. Usually, this refers to the former. It also refers more to the case where a gas becomes liquid under pressure than the case where it condenses into a liquid at around room temperature (for example, the condensation of water vapor). In general, any gas can be liquefied by cooling it below its own critical temperature and then pressurizing it. For example, propane has a critical temperature of 96.8°C, so it can be liquefied by compressing it even at room temperature. However, oxygen and nitrogen have critical temperatures of -118°C and -147°C, respectively, so they will not liquefy no matter how much they are compressed at room temperature. Such gases have been called permanent gases. To cool a gas below its critical temperature, the Joule-Thomson effect (Joule's experiment) or adiabatic expansion can be used. Liquefied gases have a small volume and are often at low temperatures, making them convenient for transportation, storage, and as a low-temperature refrigerant. For storage, there are propane and butane, while for low temperature cooling agents there are liquid air (boiling point -190°C), liquid hydrogen (boiling point -252°C), liquid helium (boiling point -268°C), etc. Liquid helium is an essential refrigerant for the operation of superconducting magnets and Josephson elements (which are attracting attention as elements for large computers).

[Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori]

[Reference] | Joule's experiment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

気体が凝縮して液体になることをいう。また固体が溶けて液体になることをもいうことがあるが、これは融解ということのほうが多い。通常は前者をさす。また、室温付近で凝縮して液体になる場合(たとえば水蒸気の凝縮)よりは、加圧により気体が液体になる場合をさすことが多い。一般に、どんな気体でも、その気体に特有の臨界温度以下に冷却してから加圧すれば液化できる。たとえば、プロパンは臨界温度が96.8℃であるから、室温でも圧縮すれば液化する。しかし、酸素や窒素は臨界温度がそれぞれ零下118℃、零下147℃であるから、常温でいくら圧縮しても液化しない。このような気体を永久気体とよんだことがある。臨界温度以下に冷却するには、ジュール‐トムソン効果(ジュールの実験)や断熱膨張などを利用する。液化した気体は容積が小さく、また低温であることが多いので、輸送や保存あるいは低温用冷却剤として便利である。保存用としては、プロパン、ブタンなどがあり、低温用冷却剤としては、液体空気(沸点零下約190℃)、液体水素(沸点零下約252℃)、液体ヘリウム(沸点零下268℃)などがある。液体ヘリウムは、超伝導磁石、ジョセフソン素子(大型計算機用素子として注目されている)の動作に欠かせない冷媒である。

[戸田源治郎・中原勝儼]

[参照項目] | ジュールの実験

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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