Baroque

Japanese: バロック
Baroque
An art style that was popular from the end of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century. It is written as baroque in English and French, and barock in German, and is said to be derived from the Portuguese word barroco, which means "distorted pearl." Originally, it was used derogatorily to describe decorative architecture and decoration with many curves, but in the second half of the 19th century, Wölfflin and others used it to describe 17th century Italian art and more generally as a style concept. In general, the term "baroque" describes a dynamic and dramatic character, as opposed to the static Renaissance art that idealizes classical harmony and symmetry. Representative artists of the style include Caravaggio, Velázquez, Poussin, Rubens, and Rembrandt in painting, Bernini and Puget in sculpture, and Bernini, Borromini, and Mansart in architecture. In the 20th century, the concept of baroque came to be applied to music, literature, theater, and more broadly to culture and thought forms. In music, this refers to the period from the end of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th century, when opera, sonata, concerto, etc. were developed in Italy by Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Scarlatti, etc., while music was centered around the royal court in France, led by Lully. Germany was a little later, but with the emergence of Bach and Handel, it reached the pinnacle of Baroque music.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:
16世紀末から18世紀前半に行われた芸術様式。英語・フランス語ではbaroque,ドイツ語ではbarockと書き,〈歪んだ真珠〉を意味するポルトガル語のバローコbarrocoに由来するとされる。もとは曲線の多い装飾的な建築や装飾に侮蔑(ぶべつ)的に用いられたが,19世紀後半にウェルフリンらによって17世紀のイタリア美術,さらに普遍的な様式概念として用いられるに至った。一般には古典的な調和と均整を理想とする静的なルネサンス美術に対し,動的で劇的迫力にみちた性格を〈バロック〉の語で表す。代表的芸術家として絵画ではカラバッジョ,ベラスケス,プッサン,ルーベンス,レンブラント,彫刻ではベルニーニ,ピュジェ,建築ではベルニーニ,ボロミーニやマンサールらがあげられる。20世紀に入って,バロックの概念は音楽,文学,演劇,さらには広く文化・思想の形態にも適用されるようになった。音楽では16世紀末から18世紀中ごろまでの時期をさし,イタリアではモンテベルディ,ビバルディ,スカルラッティらによってオペラ,ソナタ,コンチェルトなどが発達,フランスではリュリをはじめとする宮廷を中心とした音楽が行われた。ドイツはやや遅れたが,バッハ,ヘンデルが出現してバロック音楽の頂点となった。
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