Federalism - Federal government

Japanese: 連邦制 - れんぽうせい（英語表記）federalism; federal government

A federal state system collectively composed of many substates. The opposite concept of a unitary state. Today's examples include the United States, Canada, and Switzerland. Usually, this federal state is under a single sovereignty. Although each substate participates in the decision-making of the federal state, it does not have diplomatic rights, which are the external exercise of sovereignty. For this reason, it is different from a treaty-based federation of fully sovereign states. However, on the other hand, each substate has its own constitution and retains a large degree of autonomy, unlike states and prefectures, which are local public entities that divide a single state into regions. This federal system is also different from the Soviet Union, where each member state could freely decide to withdraw from the federation and had diplomatic rights, and the British Commonwealth, where the states usually have special relationships with each other.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

多数の支分国家によって集合的に構成される連合国家制度。単一国家の反対概念。今日のアメリカ合衆国，カナダ，スイスなどがこの典型。通常この連邦国家は単一主権のもとにある。もとより各支分国家は連邦国家の意思決定に参加するが，主権の対外的発動である外交権を保持しない。このことから，条約による完全な主権諸国家の国家連合とも異なっている。しかし他方，各支分国家は単一国家を地域的に区分した地方公共団体である州や県などとも異なり，独自の憲法をもち，大幅な自治権を保持している。この連邦制は，各連邦構成国家が自由な意思決定によって連邦から脱退でき，外交権をもっていたソ連や，通常国家が相互に特殊な関係を結んでいるイギリス連邦とも異なっているといえる。

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