Paintings that are based on historical events or stories. They also include incident paintings that deal with events that occurred in the artist's time. In the academic world of Western painting from the 17th to 19th centuries, historical paintings, along with mythological and religious paintings, were considered the most noble "grande genre" of painting, ranking above portraits, genre paintings, still lifes, and landscapes. In that sense, Poussin and his friends were considered great painters. There have been many examples of paintings and sculptures based on real history since the ancient world. For example, Assyrian kings decorated the walls of their palaces with friezes depicting their feats of conquest, and Egyptian kings had battle scenes painted. In Greece, the original is lost, but a Roman mosaic copy remains, such as "The Battles of Alexander the Great." However, while these ancient historical paintings were characterized as the self-glorification and record of the kings, from the Renaissance onwards, historical and narrative paintings came to be preferred as subjects that stimulate the creativity and ideas of artists. This trend was most evident in the 17th century, when on the one hand there were painters who painted real events, such as "The Siege of Breda" (Velázquez), but the classicism of the French Academy sought to find all virtues in history as a classic, or to seek historical paintings with an attitude of taking the ancient stories themselves as a model. Poussin, who painted "The Arcadian Shepherds" and "The Burial of Phocion," are typical examples. This academic attitude continued into the 19th century, producing historical paintings such as David's "The Coronation of Napoleon" (French Art). However, the rise of Romanticism changed the subject of history from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages and then to the Orient, as seen in Delacroix's "Death of Sardanapalus." At the same time, war paintings depicting real events such as Napoleon's battles and the Greek War of Independence were also produced. Géricault's "The Raft of the Medusa," which became the beacon of Romanticism, is also a work depicting a real event, but it does not have the nobility or grandeur that is the ideal of the Academic history painting. Thus, with the emergence of Realism and Impressionism, which depict the everyday, the role of historical painting in modern painting gradually diminished, and with the exception of the examples of fin de siècle symbolism and Russian painters such as Repin, who painted with national consciousness, this genre was completely ignored. In Japan, in the Meiji period, especially in Japanese painting, many works were painted on the subject of history and historical events from Japan, China, India, etc. This trend was continued by Matsuoka Eikyu and Kobori Tomoto of the Yamato-e New Movement, and Yasuda Yukihiko and Maeda Seison of the Inten School of Fine Arts, who produced impressive works, but after World War II, the style has been in gradual decline. [Kimio Nakayama] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
歴史上のできごと、あるいは物語に題材をとった絵画。また、作者と同時代の事件を扱った事件画といわれるものも含まれる。17世紀から19世紀にかけての西欧絵画のアカデミズムにおいては、神話画・宗教画とともに、歴史画は絵画の諸部門のなかでもっとも高貴な「偉大な部門」(グラン・ジャンル)と考えられ、肖像画、風俗画、静物画、風景画の上に位するものとされた。プサンたちはその意味でも偉大な画家とされたのである。 現実の歴史を題材とする絵画、彫刻は、古代世界以来多くの類例をもち、たとえばアッシリアの王たちは、彼らの征服の事績をフリーズ浮彫りとして宮殿の壁面を飾ったし、エジプトの王たちも戦闘の情景を描かせている。ギリシアでは、原作は失われたが、ローマのモザイクによる模作の残る『アレクサンドロス大王の戦闘』などがあげられる。しかし、こうした古代の歴史画が王たちの自己顕彰と記録という性格を帯びているのに対して、ルネサンス期以降には、芸術家の創造力、発想を刺激する題材として歴史画、物語画は好まれるようになる。17世紀はこの傾向がもっとも顕著な時代で、一方には『ブレダの開城』(ベラスケス)のような現実の事件を描く画家もいたが、フランス・アカデミーの古典主義は、古典としての歴史にあらゆる美徳をみいだそうとし、あるいは古代の物語そのものを規範とする姿勢で歴史画を求める。『アルカディアの牧人』(プサン)や『フォキオンの埋葬』を描くプサンがその典型である。 このアカデミズムの姿勢は19世紀まで続き、『ナポレオンの戴冠(たいかん)』(フランス美術)のダビッドをはじめとする歴史画が生まれる。しかし、ロマン主義の台頭は、歴史の対象を古典古代から中世に、さらにオリエントへと変える。ドラクロワの『サルダナパールの死』などである。同時に、ナポレオンの戦いやギリシア独立戦争などの現実の事件を描写した戦争画なども行われる。ロマン主義の烽火(のろし)となったジェリコーの『メデューズ号の筏(いかだ)』(ジェリコー)も現実の事件を描いた作品であるが、しかし、ここにはアカデミーの歴史画の理念である高貴・偉大はまったくない。こうして、やがて日常性を描くレアリスム、印象主義の登場とともにしだいに歴史画が近代絵画に占める役割は縮小し、世紀末の象徴主義や、民族的自覚によって描くロシアのレーピンたちの例を除けば、このジャンルはまったく顧みられなくなる。 日本でも明治になって、とくに日本画において、日本、中国、インドなどの歴史や故事を題材に多数描かれるようになった。そしてその流れは、大和(やまと)絵新興運動の松岡映丘(えいきゅう)や小堀鞆音(ともと)ら、院展系の安田靫彦(ゆきひこ)や前田青邨(せいそん)らに引き継がれて力作を生んだが、第二次世界大戦後はしだいに衰退の傾向にある。 [中山公男] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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